1what where the argument for child labour?
-children working inside, had shelter and food
-work was not as hard as it could be in other situations like farms
- hours of work often shorter than in domestic services
- employment avoided 'idleness'
-if they werent working there would be strain on already low family income
2what where the arguments against child labour?
- harsh dicipline in factories
-low wages for long days
-deprived of education
-jobs put them in danger
-poor factory conditions
3why where children increasingly employed in factories?
- population growth
-party of families
- children could be overworked and wouldnt form unions
-suited to fix machinery, small
-paid less
-need for more workers
-seen as normal, parents themselves had worked as children
4what was the number of childen employed?
-364,000 girls in domestic and 62,000 in cloth manufacturing
-33% mining workforce under 18 by 1842
- 500 in cornish tin mines
-by 19th century 1 mill child workers
5what where the increasing concerns about child employment?
-seen as unnatural and upsetting the existing social order
-ethical concerns and religious convictions.
-children away from families and not being brought up with the right principles
-children undercutting adults by being employed for lower wages
-newspapers focusing on issue, more widespread
-people warming to ideas of reform, GRA 1832
-more concern about importance of education
6what was the 1833 factory act
-employers must have age certificate for child workers
-children between 9-13 could work no more that 9h pd
-children 13-18 could work no more that 12h pd
-children cant work at night
-2hr schooling each day
7what where the benefits of the 1933 factory act?
-a start, childrens days where limited and education became mandatory
8what were the drawbacks to the 1833 factory act?
-still no limit in adults working day
-easy for legislation not to be enforced, oonly 4 inspectors
-childrens pay reduced because of schooling
9what was the 1842 mines and collieres act?
-prohibited all undergroound work for women and girls of any age and for boys under 10
10what were the benefits of the miners and colliers act 1842?
-limits boys under 10 working in mines and women from working underground
11what were the drawbacks of the miners and colliers act 1842?
-patriarchal, banning women from public life and work
12what was the 1844 factory act?
-factory labour forbidden for under 8s
-children 8-13 max 6.5 hr day
-women and children 13-18 max 12h day
-safety rules for the fencing off of machinery put in place
-surgeons appointed to specify age of children
-education was supervised
13what where the benefits of the 1844 factory acts?
-enforcment and compliance
-better conditions for children
-ages being checked
14what where the drawbacks of 1844 factory acts?
-allows doctors to accept bribes to forge age certificates
15what where the overall limits of factory reform?
-child labour not abolished
-education provisions limited
16what where the original poor laws? (1600s)
-system based on pre industrial england
-dated back to 1601-1662
-administrated by 15500 parishes in britain who where all alowed to charge house holders a 'poor rate' to look after their parish
17why where the origional poor laws a problem by 1830s?
-populatioon growth made poor rate extremely expensive
-no uniform rules, was up to the 'overseer of the poor' in each parish to decide what releif to give
-people could only claim releif from parishs at birth so returning peoplr very expensive. £287000 a year on transport
18what was the speenhamland system of 1795
-decided to supplement wages of agricultural labourers on the price of bread and size of family
-system adopted by many parishes
19why did the speenhamland system cause so much problem?
-rapid population growth and high bread prices meant money spent on poor rose from £1.5mill to £8 mill in 1818
20what where the aims of the poor law amendment act 1834?
-reduce cost of poor releif
-improve morality of poor
-rationalise the system
-provide shelter for those raming the country
-prevent suffering in poorer parishes
-reduce deflation of wages from speenhamland system
21what was the poor law amendment act 1834?
-parishes grouped into poor law unions
-poor law unions overseen by 'guardians of the poor'
-unions controlled by poor law commissioners (only three men in charge)
22what was the initial impact of the poor law amendment act 1834?
-non-uniform implementation across the country
-south accepts quicker, hetford, trent and bershire all grouped by 1835
-less widely implemented in north, rebecca riots 1839
-however, by 1839 95% parishes formed into unions
23what where workhouses like after PLAA 1834?
-fear of entering workhouses
-most insisted inmates wear prison like uniform
-rations less than prisons
-medicines not avaliable
-unmarried mothers sometimes given loaf of bread for child
24what was the andover scandal?
-inmated reduced to gnawing at animal marrow to survive, 1846
-due to this, new poor law board set up 1847, under supervision of ministers
25what was the implementation of the PLAA?
-marks growth in the role of the state
-seen as state waging war on the poor
-reduces poor rates but not as much as hoped
-does bring basic education to children
-scandals werent ignored, andover seen as uneceptable
26who opposed the PLAA 1834?
-poor feared and resented
-tory radicals disliked growth of state and commisioners arent seen as an accountable body
-upper class feel responsibility is being taken away, noblesse oblige
27what did the anti poor law movement do in the north?
-produced pamphlets, held meetings
-leaders john feilden and richard olster
-tries to get supporters elected as guardians
28what was the condition of ireland in the time of peel?
-majority remain catholics
-protestant ascendancy still had politicians of influence and power
-irish farmers increasingly dependent on potatoes
-rise in population, 4-8 mill 1801-45
-less urban, less literate 30% could read and write
-less devolped agriculture and farming
-catholic campaign continues, irish parliament and repeal of act of union
29what was peel aproach to the situation of ireland?
1.forces down movement to repeal act of union
-bans o'connels meeting at clontarf 1843, arrests him accusing or conspiracy
2.plant non-denominational universities in cork, galway, and belfast
-wants to create educated middle class in ireland which will understand benefits of union with britain
-fails as pope disagrees so catholics dont join
30how did peel force down the movement to repeal act of union
-bans o'connels meeting at clontarf 1843, arrests him accusing or conspiracy
31why did peel plant non-denominational universities in cork, galway, and belfast
-wants to create educated middle class in ireland which will understand benefits of union with britain
-fails as pope disagrees so catholics dont join
32what was the maynooth grant?
-peel wanted to win over the priests so they would influence the general population of catholics to be pro british
-proposed increasing grant the british gov gave to the catholic trainiing college for priests at maynooth
-£9000 to £26000 with further £30000 for building
-peel accused of doing too much to help the catholics
-howver grant was passed due to whig support
33what was the devon commision?
-at this point if farmers or irish tenants are evicted they do not get compensation for any improvement made to the lans
-therefore farmers had no incentive to improve their bad farming so it would be money lost
-peel introduced commision to investigate possible reform
-plan was to encourage a middle class peasentry to produce more crops efficiently
-howver this did not work and was heavily criticised by HoC
34-repeal corn laws
-import indian corn
-set up a releif commision
-650 local committees set up to help the poor
-introduced a free trade policy
what was peels response to the potato famine?