Quanitative Analysis Test Two

expresses the mass of a substance per unit volume

the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water

arithmetic average of a data set

the middle value in a set of data that has been arranged in numerical order

a result that differs significantly from others in the set

the closeness of results to others obtained in exactly the same way

the closeness of a measured value to the true or accepted value

the difference between the measured value and the true value

the absolute error divided by the true value

affects measurement precision

affects the accuracy of the results

occur as a result of human error and often leads to outliers

Instrumental errors, Method errors, and Personal errors

caused by nonideal instrument behavior, by faulty calibrations, or by use under inappropriate conditions

caused by nonideal chemical or physical behavior of analytical systems

caused from the carelessness, inattention, or personal limitations of the experimenter

contains the solvent and all of the reagents in an analysis

the collection of all the constituents in the sample

a curve that shows the symmetrical distribution of data around the mean of an infinite set of data

the collection of all measurements of interest to the experimenter

a subset of measurements selected from the population

a meausure of the precision of the population

postulates two or more observed quantities are the same

used for deciding whether a suspected result should be retained or rejected

the collection of sampling units or increments

1. Identify population
2. Collect gross sample
3. Reduce to laboratory sample

it is the gross sample reduced in size and homogenized

1. the uncertainty that can be tolerated between the composition of the gross sample that of the whole
2. the degree of heterogeniety of the whole
3. the level of particle size at which heterogeneity begins

the gross sample needs to be reduced to a finley ground and homogenous lab sample of at most a few hundred grams

the sample is inserted into a flowing stream where a number of operations can be performed transporting it to a flow-through detector

mimic the operations that would be performed manually

determines the relationship between the analytical response and the analyte concentration

Colorimeters and Titrations

Least Squares Method

identical to the sample but without the analyte

containing the same solvent in which the sample is dissolved

containing the solvent plus all the reagents used in sample preparation

1. Multivariate Calibration
2. Saturation, Matrix Modifaction, and Masking
3. Internal Standard Methods
4. Standard Addition Methods

1. Analytical and Calibration Sensitivity
2. Detection Limit
3. Linear Dynamic Range
4. Control Chart (UCL, LCL)
5. Statistical Control
6. Validation and GLP

Macroanalysis, semimicroanalysis, microanalysis, ultramicroanalysis

A reference species chemically and physically similar to the analyte that is added to sample, standards, and blanks

Major, minor, trace, ultratrace