Ecosystems and Climate (201 Midterm)
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5 Ecosystem Attributes
Structure, function, complexity, interaction, and temporal change
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Climate Factors
Albedo, radiation, energy budget, wind, temp (latitude, energy, GHG), moisture (seasonal, distribution, humidity, VP)
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Albedo
Reflexctivity of a surface (ex: snow is high)
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Solar radiation
electromagnetic energy
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Terrestrial radiation
long wave, reflected back into space
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What happens to reflected radiation in atmosphere
absorbed by gasses
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Surface temp
incoming radiation - terrestrial radiation
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Average net radiation
0
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Distance from equator and radiation
Moving away from equator = more terrestrial radiation bc less net radiation
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What happens to air at the equator
Warm air rises = low surface pressure
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What causes changes in climate
orbit shape, axis tilt, sunspot activity, magnetic storms on sun
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Climate change effects in PNW
Less snow, changing stream flows, warmer waters, increased flood/fire/pest risk
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Air saturation
evaporation rate = condensation rate
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Saturation vapor pressure
pressure exerted by water vapor at capacity
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When does condensation occour
When saturation pressure is exceeded
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How air moves over rainy side of mountain
air up mountain, cools, reaches dew point, cools, creates precipitation at higher altitudes
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How air moves over dry side of mountain
Cool dry air on other side, warms as it descends, pulls moisture from surface, creates rain shadow
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Relative humidity
Saturation vapor pressure///vapor pressure
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Key adaptations of conifers
Retains leaves, photosynthesis when possible, holds water in summer, gains nutrients in winter
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What happens to water as tree height increases
As height increases leaf water potential decreases, creating hydrological constraints
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What are the dominant constraints in upper vs lower conifer canopies
Light is dominant in lower canopy, hydrostatic limitations in upper canopy
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Needles over winter
Incest in protective molecules and structures
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PNW weathers affecting conifers
short warm summers, mild winters, dry summers
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When is evaporative demand the greatest
summer
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Why do conifers get so big in PNW
Lack of disturbances, slow progression to max foliage, structure/duration of productivity
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GPP in coniferous vs other forests
Less in coniferous because respiration is lower due to evaporative demand
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Leaf area vs biomass
bigger leaf = more photosynthesis = more biomass
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Water-use efficiency
ratio of carbon fixed per unit of water lost
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what is the movement of water in trees dependent on
humidity and water vapor in leaves
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PAR
Photosynthetically active radiation
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NPP
Productivity rate after respiration
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Role of Nitrogen in photosynthesis
more N = more rubisco+ chlorophyll = more P
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Plant growth when lacking water or nutrients
more roots
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Carbon accumulation vs biomass
rate of accumulation increases with tree size
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Why is dropping leaves helpful in other climates
Harsh/long winter reduces energy cost of cold tolerance
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importance of soil
physical foundation, water holding capacity, temp regulation, root aeration, toxin protection, nutrients
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# essential nutrients
19, 3 don't come from soil directly
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4 most essential nutrients
Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous
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How do plants access nutrients through roots
Nutrients dissolve in water
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Field capacity
water fills up all pore spaces and held by capillary forces
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Importance of clay
Greatest water holding capacity, smaller particles = more surface area for ion exchange
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Ideal ratio of soil to pores
50:50
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CLORPT
climate, organisms, relief/topography, parent material, time
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OAEBCK
Organic material, topsoil, eluviated, parent material, bedrock
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When is secondary productivity the greatest
when birth and growth rates are max
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What is total mass supported in a trophic level limited by
rate of energy stored in lower level
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Detrial
dead matter
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