Idiolect

Method of human communication, spoken or written and consists of words (changes dynamically)

Process of transferring messages and information (remains unchanged)

Individual use of language

Language used by a particular social group

Form of English accepted as national language, with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation and vocab being used in a uniform way

Words of a language

Arrangement of words/phrases

Meanings

Basic lexical unit of a language consisting of one or several words

Pronunciation of words and patterns of intonation

Lexical and grammatical choices

The attitude or belief that one variety of a language is superior to others and should be promoted as such

Belief that all types of language are acceptable - non judgemental study of language

- Creates base language with rules for learning the language
- Research shows SE demonstrates intelligence and a good education

- Gives people the freedom the be themselves
- Helps to communicate and establish relationships
- Some dialects more grammatically sophisticated ("youse" for "you" plural)

Whole system and structure of a language, usually consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics

Study of words, how they're formed and their relationship with other words (eg. stems, rootes, affixes etc.)
Put these linguistic words in order:
Word
Text
Phrase
Morpheme
Clause

Morpheme
Word
Phrase
Clause
Sentence
Text

Change in form of word to mark tense, person, gender, number, mood, voice and case
Him ---> himself
Run ---> running

- Hard to define meaning
- Easy to explain function
- Closed class

- Have a meaning
- Open class

Usually come before a noun, giving it a relationship to another word
Of, by, in, around, with

Situates the noun and contains a noun that isn't the head noun
Find the prepositional phrase(s):

*In the dark alleyway*, the moon cast a cold, white mist *over the surroundings*.

Modifying word to determine reference of a noun or group of nouns. Usually found at start of noun group
The, a, an

Group of words within a sentence all relating to the noun. Verbs are NOT included
Identify the noun phrase(s):

*In the dark alleyway, the moon* cast *a cold, white mist over the surroundings*.

Indicates an action, occurence or state of being

Often main verb
Conveys semantic meaning of sentence

Verb that helps another (shows tense or modality)
Am, do, might
Identify the auxiliary verb(s):

Josh *had been* horrifically startled by the terrible beast.

Denotes tense change
Do, be, have

Used to express possibility, probability, certainty, necessity, or obligation
Will, must, should, can

Small item used to negate "not"
Identify the verb phrase:

Josh *had been horrifically startled by the terrible beast*.
Identify and name the 3 verbs:

Can = modal auxiliary
Be = primary auxiliary
Learnt = main verb (lexical)

Relies on an object
Rose is *painting* the walls
Hannah *gave* him a hug

Makes sense without an object
Rose is *painting* right now
Hannah *sneezed* repeatedly

An action you can see
She *buys* new clothes
He is *swimming* at the beach

A state you can't see
She *prefers* jam
The cupboard *requires* a new coat of paint

Connects subject with a word that gives us info about subject, such as condition or relationship. Most common is forms of *to be*
Lisa *is* fussy about food
They *felt* relieved
Identify the verbs in:

*Can* we *start* a media campaign *to question* how I *got* into Columbia too? Still *scratching* my head about how I *got* *accepted* and *demand* answers!
Can = modal auxiliary
Start = transitive/lexical
To question = infinitive
Got = transitive
Scratching + demand = transitive
Scratching = dynamic
Accepted = intransitive

Method for look at multi-speaker discourse. Based on concept of conversational turn and basic consequence of turn, the adjacency pair, which forms an exchange structure

2 utterances by different speakers who take turns

Teacher initiates (asks Q.)
Student responds (answers Q.)
Teacher gives feedback (was the answer right or wrong?)

Decision about topics of conversation decided by most powerful pp who is also more likely to interrupt

When it's natural for another speaker to take a turn

Intonation
Stress
Rhythm

Language/dialect that is spoken

Schegloff (1986)

1 = Summons/answer
2 = Identification
3 = Greeting sequence - initiates a shared space
4 = "How are you" sequence - strengthens shared space

Signal speaker wants to end conversation

Speech that draws attention to act of talking
"I'd better stop talking and let you go"

Vowel omission (pls/ppl)
Homophonic representation (2L8/M8)
Phonetic spelling (iluvu/cos)
Initialism (brb/smh)
Acronymy (lol)
Variant spelling (Wot/wen)

Spelling systems of a language

Multi model (eg. phone call)