1Who advocates the dominance and difference approach and when?
Jennifer Coates 1998
2What does Coates suggest about women's use of tag Q.s?
- Used to show respect
- Supportive and cooperative
- Not deficit
3Outline examples of epistemic modal verbs
*Way speakers communicate their doubts, certainties and guesses*
You MUST be starving
It SHOULD fizz
4Antonym of *epistemic* modal verbs and examples
*Deontic* = ability and permission to act (eg. commitment to do something, demands and threats)
You MUST leave now
It MUST rain this week so the crops don't die
You SHOULD drive under the speed limit
5What does Coates suggest about epistemic modality?
Lexical items (perhaps, sort of etc.), prosodic features (intonation, pitch etc.) and paralinguistic features express epistemic modality
6What did Wolk et al. do and when ?
Studied vocal fry
2011
7Wolk et al. method
34 female college students
Made recordings of 2 speaking conditions: sustained isolated vowel /a/ and sentence reading task
Made perceptual and acoustic evaluations
8Wolk et al. results
2/3 used vocal fry
Mostly at end of sentences