1Name 3 main linguists and when (diversity approach)
Judith Butler 1990
Janet Hyde 2005
Deborah Cameron 2007
2What did Judith Butler support?
The gender performativity theory
3Outline the gender performativity theory
Gender is socially constructed from birth
Gender is not a fixed identity
Specific language features are a way for us to perform gender
4What did Judith Butler suggest?
We conform to gender norms (not biological differences)
Language projects an identity not gender
5What did Janet Hyde do?
Analysed 46 meta-analyses for gender differences
6Janet Hyde results
Men and women *same* in: personality, cognitive ability and leadership
Men *differences*: throw further, more physically aggressive, masturbated more and more positive views about sex in uncommitted relationships
7What do gender differences depend on (Janet Hyde)?
Context
Anonymous pps = no gender stereotypes
Women = more aggressive
Men = more passive
8What did Cameron suggest?
More variation within gender than between them
Gender myths shape how we use language, maintaining the stereotypes
9Define communities of practice
Group of people engaged in a shared activity/practice whose language is shaped by what they are mutually engaged in
10Who created *communities of practice* and when?
Lave and Wenger 1991
11What are the 3 parts of the communities of practice?
Mutual engagement (common negotiated activity)
Joint negotiated enterprise (C of P share common goals)
Shared repertoire (particular ways of doing/speaking)
122 minor linguist and when (diversity approach)
Leslie Milroy 1987
Jenny Cheshire 1982
13Leslie Milroy method
Investigated working class communities in Belfast
Acted as a 'friend of a friend'
Looked at correlation between integration in community and language use
"th" in mother
"a" in hat
14Outline the theory of social networks
Members of a speech community are connected to each other in social networks
15Define *density* (theory of social networks)
How someone's connections are related to each other
(eg. does your friend know your neighbour?)
16Define *multiplexity* (theory of social networks)
Number of ways 2 people relate to each other
17Leslie Milroy results
Stronger social network densities and multiplexities = strong accent
Low densities (isolation) = weaker accent
Isolated men = weaker accent than isolated women
No evidence of gender bias suggestion women use more standard forms
18What did Jenny Cheshire study?
Relationship between grammatical variables and peer group culture in boys and girls
Reading
19Define *vernacular subculture*
Those who use non-standard forms have different social norms
20How did Cheshire split each group (other than gender)?
Positive or negative attitudes towards:
- Carrying weapons
- Taking part in minor criminal activity
- Fighting
- Swearing
21Jenny Cheshire results
Positive to fighting etc. = 'ain't' used as copular and non-standard 'come' used much more often
Found same pattern for boys
22Jenny Cheshire conclusions
Those who conform to the conventions of the group also use linguistic standards of the group
Social group affiliation more indicative of language use than gender