1what was poaching?
Poaching was hunting animals on someone else's land
2who were Gamekeepers?
The landowner servant.
3What did the Black Act State & when?
The Black Act in 1723 made hunting deer, hare or rabbits a Capital Crime. (punishable by death)
4What did the law say on who could and couldn't hunt?
Only landowners whose land was worth more than £100 a year could hunt anywhere.
(£100 was a huge sum of money and would have talen a labourer ten years to earn)
5who are the poachers?
Most were poor because most ordinary people were poor at this time.
6why did they poach?
• Many poached for food or sold to earn extra money.
• Minority of poachers hunted for sport and for entertainment
7What was the Black Market?
Gangs of poachers supplied the Black Market.
Gangs poached at Deer Parks and Game Reserves owned by wealthy people.
As demand for game meat was high. Poacher Gangs sold their catch in towns and cities to earn high profits.
8What are the difficulties gamekeepers faced?
• They faced Aggressive and Viloent Poachers.
• The GameKeepers and Those who Informed on Poachers for Rewards were Hated and Villagers Frequently lied in Court to Protect the Poacher.
9why was the government during the Industrial Period worried about certain Crimes such as Highwaymen?
They were Worried about Crimes that Disrupted Trade and Economy or Threatened Property.
This is understandable because of the Growth Of Factories, Trade and the British empire. Also their Emphasis was Making Money.
10When was the Death Penalty Introduced?
Death Penalty was introduced in 1723 as part of the Bloody Code
11what was Bloody Code?
225 crimes were punishable by death.
12who were highway robbers feared by?
They were feared by Travelers.
Authorities saw them as major disruption to trade and the economy, especially main routes into London.
13what were the characteristics of highway robbers?
They the ruthless and violent.
14when did highway robbery become less common and when was the last report?
Highway Robbery became less common from 1815 and the last reported case was 1831.
15What are the reasons for growth of highway robbery?
• Handguns were Easier to Obtain and Use.
• Stagecoaches (horse & carriage) were Introduced to Carry Passengers Around the Country.
• Highwayman Could Hide and Sell the Loot (stolen goods) in Taverns. (pubs)
• After Wars, Some Soldiers became Highway Robbers because they Couldn't Find any Work .
• More People were Travelling in their own Coaches Carrying Personal and Business Goods which were Valuable.
• There was No Police Force and Local Constables didn't try to Track Highway Men Across Counties.
• There were Many Open & Quiet Areas Outside Towns where Travellers could be Held Up.
16What are the reasons for decline of highway robbery?
• Coaches Became More Frequent as Roads Improved,
(reducing a highway man's chance of stopping a coach for long).
• Open Land around London was Built on as the Population Expanded.
(This cut down chances to ambush a coach.)
• Mounted Patrols were Set Up around London by Fielding Brothers and High Rewards Encouraged Informers. Highwaymen had More Chance of Being Court.
• JP's refuse to Licence Taverns
(give permission to sell achol) that were known to hide Highwaymen.
• Travelers No Longer Carried Large Amounts of Money because there were More Banks and the Banking System Modernised.
• In the 18th century Roads were Maintained by Turnpike Gangs who charged a fee in order to Keep the Highways in Good Working.
17What is smuggling?
Smuggling is bringing in goods and not paying Import Taxes on them .
18when and where were goods smuggled in?
Goods were smuggled into the country by boat at night on the coasts where there were no Custom Officers.
19What did they smuggle?
Luxury Goods such as:
• Tea
• Brandy
• Rum
• Wine
• Sugar
• Tobacco
20After the goods were smuggled in, where did they go?
The goods went by horses to London and Major Towns to sell them on.
21How were smuggler punished?
They were hung. Capital Crime
22why do people smuggle?
People Smuggled goods because only the rich could afford the Luxuries because they could pay the tax.
23why did the authorities not like smuggling?
At the time there was No Income Tax and Import Tax was the Main Source Of Government Income.
24why couldn't authorities catch smugglers?
• The Gangs Could Move at Speed and had a Long List Of Connections.
• The Armed and Had Little Fear of Custom Officers & Army .
• Ordinary people Turned a Blind Eye because they were Involved (paid), Enjoyed Paying Cheap Prices or too Scared.
• Gangs were Ruthless and Violent and had Gangs as Large as 100 men.
• There were Few Custom Officers (who enforced the tax law)
• Wealthy Bought Smuggled Goods
• Many Labourers were Smugglers and Enjoyed the Pay and Excitement
25why did smuggling decline?
William Pitt lowered import duties in 1780s and in the 19th century they were reduced again.
Smuggling became less profitable so it dropped drastically.
26Define Martyer
A person who suffers for their beliefs often is admired for it.
27Define Trade Union
An organisation that represents workers to protect/ campaign for their rights and improved conditions.
28Define Oath
Pledge or Promise
29How has society changed during this time Period which affected Tolpuddle Mortyrs?
Religion is Not the Most Important Factor Regarding Crime and Punishment.
The Government is Now Firmly in Control
People Power Beginning to Pay an Increasingly Important Role in all areas life
Trade Unions Grew as Industrialisation Gave Rise to Poor Living and Working Conditions
30What is the story of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?
Revolution in France Led to Execution of Upper Class Made the Authorities in Britain Very Vulnerable. So they Treated Anyone Who Wanted Change Very Harshly.
1834 Farm Laboreres formed Friendly Society (Early Trade Union) Protested about their Low Wages.
Arrested for Taking an Illegal Oath.
Given a Sentence, 7 Years Transportation to Australia. It was Meant to be a Deterant for Starting their own Trade Union.
News Spread Quickly Protest to Support the Men and a Petition of 200 Thousand signatures was also Delivered to Downing Street but home security refuse to accept it.
Men were Pardoned and they Returned Home.
31What Does Tolpuddle Maryrs Show?
Example where Public Opinion can Influence What is Regarded as a Crime
Changing Attitudes were Important in Determining what Should be Treated as a Serious crime.
Shows Gov was Threatened by Workers