1free riding as colonies and under the Articles of Confederation
- This weakens the central government
- lacks power of taxation
- citizens + state are needed to contribute to war
- Fear of consolidated power
2difficulty of changing the Articles of Confederation (how many states had to vote yes to change the Articles of Confederation?)
- Required a 9/13 vote approval
- Changes or amendments to articles like, direct taxation needed an unanimous vote
3major differences and similarities between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan
Differences: VP representation based on population + unitary executive. NJP representation equal and plural executive
Similarities: eliminate unanimous consent, Congress can pass laws w/ majority , Congress power to tax, national laws supreme over state law.
4characteristics that make people more likely to vote
- Maturely aged people vote more
- Education
- If one has tighter tides to community
5- Maturely aged people vote more
- Education
- If one has tighter tides to community
- Younger age people have 30-40% of voting
- Undereducated
6Schenck v. United States
Justice Oliver Holmes created, "Does the speech in question pose a clear and present danger to the U.S?"
7Gitlow v. New York
established selective incorporation of the Bill of rights; states cannot deny freedom of speech; protected through the 14th amendment
83 standards used by the Supreme Court to determine obscenity.
- Of sexual or explicit nature
- if it lacks academic value
- Offensive
9- Of sexual or explicit nature
- if it lacks academic value
- Offensive
- Secularism
- Strict Seperation
- Accommodation
All to separate Church from state
10Cantwell v. Connecticut
free exercise of religion
11Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith
Case ruling that drug use for religious ceremonies is not covered under free exercise
12Mapp v. Ohio
Evidence illegally gathered by the police may not be used in a criminal trial
13Miranda v. Arizona
the accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police
14Gideon v. Wainwright
Right to an attorney
15Furman v. Georgia
(1972) Death penalty is cruel and unusual if carried out in "an arbitrary, discriminatory, and capricious manner".
16Davis v. Bandemer
gerrymandering would be unconstitutional if too strongly biased but isn't illegal because it's unavoidable
17Thornburg v. Gingles
1986; district lines may not dilute minority representation and race cannot be the predominant consideration
18Consequences of the differences in term length between the House and Senate
House of Reps have 2yr terms and are up for reelection more often to vote for their state's interest
Senate has a 6yr term to make important decisions and get comfortable in office
19Descriptive vs. Substantive representation
Descriptive: representing constituents by mirroring their personal,politically relevant characteristics.
Substantive: representing the interests of groups.
20Consequences of the difference in size of the House and Senate
House has 105 seats, Senate has 435 possibility of gerrymandering being too unfair and censuses are key to redistricting for House
213 of the points in the process of how a bill
becomes a law where a bill can be stopped.
- Veto
- Filibuster
- Pocket veto
22McCulloch v. Maryland
McCulloch v. Maryland
23Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Affirmed federal control of interstate commerce under commerce clause of the Constitution.