Cognitive Explanations of Schizophrenia
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1
What does the cognitive explanation propose causes schizophrenia?
Malfunctions in cognitive systems = internal mental processes. Systems include perception; attention; working memory & thinking / decision-making.
2
What general limitation does the cognitive explanation have?
Has yet to explain all symptoms & behaviours of schizophrenia.
3
What did Claiborn (2009) propose about hallucinations?
2.5-4% of general population have experienced hallucinations; most do not have psychiatric problems.
4
How did Morrison (1998) explain hallucinations & what trigger is given?
Triggers such as sleep deprivation cause individuals to experience hallucinations. Annotation identifies environmental triggers & suggests sleep deprivation may switch on dormant genes.
5
How can interpretations of voices create a continuing cycle?
Voices attributed to sinister origins -> social withdrawal / self-harm -> continuing cycle of sleep deprivation -> voices -> social isolation / harm.
6
How does Beck's (2008) cognitive triad explain negative symptoms?
Individuals endorse dysfunctional beliefs about performance & ability to seek pleasure; also have a cynical view of future.
7
What views are represented in the cognitive-triad diagram?
Negative views; negative views about oneself & negative views about future = linked in a cycle.
8
How do negative internal messages produce negative symptoms?
Only experiencing negative internal messages -> negative symptoms such as flatness of affect; avolition & anhedonia.
9
What is preconscious content in Frith's account?
All information received from senses.
10
How did Frith (1979) explain positive symptoms?
Difficulties inhibiting preconscious content -> difficulties selecting correct information to process & carrying through an appropriate response.
11
What did Frith (1992) propose about theory of mind?
Individuals with schizophrenia have a compromised theory of mind; experience disorders of willed action; self-monitoring & monitoring other people's thoughts / intentions.
12
Which symptoms are explained by disorders of willed action?
Negative & disorganised symptoms.
13
Which symptoms are explained by disorders of self-monitoring?
Delusions of alien control & vocal hallucinations.
14
Which symptoms are explained by difficulty monitoring other people's thoughts & intentions?
Delusions of persecution.
15
What is the supporting-research argument for the cognitive explanation?
Empirical evidence supports presence of cognitive & attentional impairments in schizophrenia.
16
What did Barch et al. (1999) do & find?
Compared Stroop-test performance between individuals with & without schizophrenia. Participants with schizophrenia were significantly slower & made more mistakes.
17
How do Barch et al. (1999) findings support the cognitive explanation?
Provide evidence that individuals with schizophrenia struggle to filter information effectively because cognitive filtering mechanisms are defective. Supports information-processing deficits underlying schizophrenia.
18
Why is the cognitive explanation criticised as incomplete?
Accounts for cognitive-processing issues & certain symptoms but fails to explain all symptoms & behaviours. Not a comprehensive theory on its own.
19
Which examples illustrate gaps in the cognitive explanation?
Motor issues & movement abnormalities are not well explained by cognitive models. Models also fail to fully explain underlying origins of cognitive deficits themselves.
20
What follows from gaps in the cognitive explanation?
Explaining some processing difficulties does not explain entire disorder or origins of those difficulties -> cognitive approach insufficient as a singular explanation for schizophrenia.
21
Why can the cognitive explanation be viewed as biologically reductionist?
Attempts to ground cognitive causal explanations in biology can reduce schizophrenia to brain dysfunction.
22
How did Frith link faulty cognitive mechanisms with biology?
Proposed faulty cognitive mechanisms stem from disconnection of functions between frontal cortex & posterior brain regions; noted changes in cerebral blood flow during cognitive tasks.
23
What is the reductionism criticism of Frith's biological account?
Critics argue reducing a complex human experience entirely to brain dysfunction or internal cognitive-processing errors remains reductionist. Biological grounding does not remove this limitation.
24
Why do psychologists advocate an integrated model?
To address theoretical; methodological & reductionist limits of cognitive explanations -> place cognitive processes within a more holistic framework.
25
What integrated sequence did Holmes & Murray (2014) propose?
Genetic vulnerabilities or early-life factors + social stressors -> provoke dopamine receptors into releasing dopamine -> dopamine surge causes downstream cognitive-processing problems -> hallucinations & delusions -> further increased stress.
26
What does Holmes & Murray's model imply for the cognitive explanation?
Cognitive difficulties form part of an interacting cycle involving vulnerability; social stress & dopamine. Cognitive explanation most effective when integrated into a more holistic framework.
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