1what are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
- Easily observable by others:
o Delusions
o Hallucinations
o Disorganized speech
o Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
Catatonia
2what are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
- May be internal, or more difficult to observe. May also be most disruptive and harder to treat:
o Diminished emotional expression
o Avoition
o Alogia: diminished speech output
o Anhedonia: lack of joy or interest
o Asociality: lack of interest in social interactions
3what are the other symptoms of schizophrenia
- Anosognosia
- Cognitive deficits
4false beliefs despite evidence to the contrary
delusions
5watching / ridiculing you / belief that you will be harmed
persecutory delusion
6take cues from the environment and you think they are specific to you
referential delusion
7preoccupation with health and organ function
somatic delusion
8belief that you are special or have a superpower
grandiose delusion
9belief that someone is in love with them
erotomatic delusion
10believe that they are Jesus and acting out orders from God
religious delusion
11belief that life is meaningless, belief that a major catastrophe will occur
nihilistic delusion
12sensory perceptual disturbances that are not externally occurring but perceived as real
hallucinations
13internal voices of others
internal hallucination
14lights, objects, people, patterns
visual hallucination
15feeling, objects on skin
tactile hallucination
16tasting or smelling, usually unpleasant
gustatory/olfaction hallucination
17incoherent, irrelevant content, indicative of disorganized thought
disorganized speech
18observable motor difficulty sustaining goal directed action
disorganized or abnormal behavior
19marked psychomotor disturbance
catatonia
20what are some examples of catatonia
- Lack of response, slowed rate
- Sudden muscle weakness
- Rigidity or resistance
- Mutism
- Odd postures
- Agitation
- Echolalia
- Mimincking movements
- “waxy” flexibility
- grimacing
21what is the etiology of schizophrenia
- exact causes unknown, but genetics and environment involved
22who is at higher risk for schizophrenia
o Prenatal and birth complications
o Stressful life events and trauma
o Social class – evolving research on this
o Migration
o Urban settings
o Substance use (cannabis specifically)
23what are the neurotransmitters linked to schizophrenia
o Dopamine
o GABA – linked to dopamine
o NMDA
24what is the course and prognosis of schizophrenia
- Onsets in adolescence or early adulthood, often prime of life
- Chronic, lifelong
25what are the course and prognosis stages for schizophrenia
premorbid
prodromal
syndromal
chronic or residual
26the individual shows no or few symptoms of schizophrenia
premorbid stage
27includes the appearance of mild symptoms, including some cognitive difficulties and subtle changes in behavior along with declining functioning, but diagnostic criteria not yet met
prodromal stage
28the individual experiences worsening severity of symptoms that lead to deterioration in function and formal diagnosis
syndromal stage
29individuals who continue to experience this pattern of repeated relapse with incomplete recovery are considered to be in this phase
chronic or residual stage
30what are the intervention options for schizophrenia
medication
nueromodulation
psychosocial therapies
31what is the OTs role in schizophrenia
Evaluation; individual and group treatment
- Participation vs. Activity vs. Insight-oriented interventions
- Engaging with people
- ADL / hygiene
- Sleep
- Leisure
- Social skills
- Education/work
- Community living skills
- Cognition
- Health management
- Utilizing strategies during activities that are discussed with other treatment team members