1What type of ions do metals react to form?
Positive ions
2Where are metals typically found on the periodic table?
- To the left and towards the bottom
- To the right and towards the top
- In the center only
- Along the diagonal line
3What do metal atoms do with electrons when forming ions?
Lose electrons
4What are typical physical properties of metals?
- Shiny, dense, and good electrical conductors
- Dull, low density, and poor conductors
- Clear, brittle, and non-conductive
- Gaseous, low melting point, and dull
5What type of ions do non-metals react to form?
Negative ions
6Where are non-metals typically found on the periodic table?
- Towards the right and top
- Towards the left and bottom
- In the middle
- Only in the bottom row
7What do non-metal atoms do with electrons when forming ions?
Gain electrons
8What are typical physical properties of non-metals?
- Dull, poor electrical conductors, and low melting points
- Shiny, dense, and high melting points
- Heavy, malleable, and good conductors
- Magnetic, ductile, and high density
9How are elements ordered in the periodic table?
In order of atomic (proton) number
10What are columns in the periodic table known as?
Groups
11What does the group number of an element represent?
The number of outer shell electrons
12What does the period number of an element represent?
The number of shells of electrons
13Between what types of elements is ionic bonding formed?
A metal and a non-metal
14What happens to electrons during ionic bonding between a metal and a non-metal?
Electrons in the outer shell of the metal atom are transferred to the non-metal
15What holds ionic compounds together?
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
16What structure do ionic compounds have?
Regular structures (giant ionic lattices)
17Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?
A lot of energy is required to break the many strong bonds
18Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water?
The ions are free to move and carry current
19What type of bonding occurs in simple molecules?
Covalent bonding
20What are the particles in simple molecules?
Atoms which share pairs of electrons
21What type of forces exist between simple molecules?
Weak intermolecular forces
22Which forces are broken when simple molecules melt or boil?
Intermolecular forces
23Why do larger simple molecules have higher melting and boiling points?
The intermolecular forces increase with the size of the molecules
24Why don't substances consisting of simple molecules conduct electricity?
Simple molecules do not have an overall electric charge
25What state of matter are substances with giant covalent structures at room temperature?
Solids
26What type of bonds link all the atoms in giant covalent structures?
Strong covalent bonds
27What type of bonding occurs in polymers?
Covalent bonding
28Why are polymers solids at room temperature?
Intermolecular forces between polymer molecules are relatively strong
29What type of bonding occurs in metals?
Metallic bonding
30How are metal atoms arranged in metals?
Giant structures of atoms arranged in a regular pattern
31What are the outer shell electrons in metal atoms described as?
Delocalised
32What gives rise to strong metallic bonds?
The sharing of delocalised electrons
33Why can metals be bent and shaped?
The layers of atoms are able to slide over each other
34What is an ionic bond defined as?
Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, formed by the transfer of electrons
35What is a covalent bond defined as?
Electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons
36What is a metallic bond defined as?
Electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and the sea of delocalised electrons
37What is a limitation of dot and cross diagrams?
They do not show the 3D arrangement of molecules
38What is a limitation of ball and stick models?
They do not show the electrons or the chemical symbols
39What do 2D and 3D models generally fail to show simultaneously?
- 2D models don't show 3D arrangements and 3D models don't give details of bonding or electrons
- Both show all bonding details equally
- Neither shows atom symbols
- Both include intermolecular forces
40How many electrons can the first electron shell hold?
Up to 2 electrons
41How many electrons can the second electron shell hold?
Up to 8 electrons
42How many electrons can the third electron shell hold?
Up to 8 electrons
43How many electrons do atoms try to acquire in their outer shell for stability?
8 electrons (unless they only have one shell, which tries for 2)
44In what order did Mendeleev initially order his periodic table?
Atomic mass
45What did Mendeleev do for elements that he thought had not been discovered yet?
Left gaps
46What knowledge made it possible to explain why the order based on atomic weights was not always correct?
Isotopes