1Describe the major functions of the lymphatic system
1. Returns excess interstitial fluid back to the blood
2. Transports dietary fats & lipid soluble substances
3. Protects against pathogens (bacteria, viruses etc.)
2Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
Innate
- Born with it
- Nonspecific immunity
- Protects us against a wide range of pathogens
Ex. Skin, mucus membrane
Adaptive
- Acquired immunity
- Developed through exposure to antigens
- Specific immunity (directed against a specific pathogen)
- Memory response
3Antibody-mediated vs. Cell-mediated immunity
Antibody-medicated immunity
- B cells (turn into plasma cells that secrete antibodies)
- Antibodies neutralize the invader
- Most effective against:
> Extracellular pathogens (Bacteria)
> Pathogens dissolved in the bodies fluids
- Helper T-Cells ( causes co-stimulation AKA both systems work at the same time)
Cell-mediated immunity
- CB8+ T-Cells (turn into killer T cells)
- Attack the invading antigen
- Cells attacking cells
- Most effective against
> Intracellular pathogens (viruses)
> Certain cancer cells
> Attack foreign tissues
4Major functions of the respiratory system
1. Warm, filter, and moisten incoming air
2. Sense of smell
3. Vocal production
4. Brings in O2 and removes CO2
5. Regulates the pH in our body
5Trace the pathway of air it flows from the nares through the bronchial tree to the alveoli.
Nose -> Nasal Cavity -. Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Primary Bronchus -> Secondary Bronchi -> Tertiary Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveolar ducts -> Alveoli
6Pulmonary Ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs (breathing)
7Pulmonary Gas Exchange
movement of O2 & CO2 from the alveoli of the lungs into the blood
8Gas Transport
Movement of O2 & CO2 in the blood throughout the body
a. O2: 99% transported attached to hemoglobin
CO2: 70% HCO3-, 23% carbaminohemoglobin, 7% dissolved plasma
9Tissue Gas Exchange
Movement of O2 & CO2 between our blood and the cells of the body
10Major functions of the digestive system
1. Ingestion: bringing food into the body (eating)
2. Mechanical processing
3. Digestion: chemical and mechanical breakdown of food
4. Absorption: absorbing food materials from the lumen of the gut into the body
5. Excretion: elimination of undigestible substances
11Describe the histological structure and function of the four layers that comprise the wall of the GI tract
1. Mucosa: innermost layer; in direct contact with food
2. Submucosa: blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics for protection and absorption of materials
3. Muscularis: two layers of smooth muscle that produce peristalsis (movement of food)
4. Serosa: outer protective layer