Deontology and Kantian Ethics
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1
What is deontology?
The view that some actions are right or wrong in themselves, regardless of consequences.
2
How does deontology differ from consequentialism?
Deontology focuses on duties and principles; consequentialism judges actions by outcomes.
3
What is Charles Fried's view of deontological rules?
Some moral prohibitions are absolute and cannot simply be outweighed by good consequences.
4
Why does Kant focus on intentions rather than consequences?
We are morally responsible for what is within our control, while consequences may be outside it.
5
What gives an action true moral worth according to Kant?
Performing it from duty, because it is morally right.
6
Why does Kant distinguish compassion from duty?
Natural compassion is not fully chosen, so acting solely from it lacks the moral worth of acting from duty.
7
What is a good will in Kant's ethics?
A will motivated by respect for the moral law.
8
What is autonomy in Kant's ethics?
Acting freely according to rational moral principles rather than external force or mere inclination.
9
What is a maxim?
A general principle or policy underlying an action.
10
Why must moral principles be universal for Kant?
They must apply to all rational beings, regardless of personal circumstances.
11
What is the first formulation of the categorical imperative?
Act only on maxims you can at the same time will to become universal laws.
12
What does categorical mean in categorical imperative?
Unconditional; the moral command applies regardless of personal desires.
13
What is a contradiction in conception?
A maxim undermines the very practice it relies on when universalised.
14
Why does universal promise-breaking create a contradiction in conception?
If everyone broke promises whenever convenient, the institution of promising would cease to make sense.
15
What is a perfect duty?
A strict moral obligation arising from a contradiction in conception.
16
What is a contradiction in the will?
A universalised maxim is conceivable but cannot consistently be willed by a rational being.
17
Why does refusing to help others create a contradiction in the will?
A rational being may need help themselves and cannot consistently will a world where nobody helps.
18
What is an imperfect duty?
A less strict moral obligation arising from a contradiction in the will.
19
Why is Kant's universalisation test not consequentialist?
It tests whether maxims can be rationally universalised, rather than whether their outcomes are good.
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