1What is hematopoiesis?
Formation of blood cells
2What is leukopoiesis?
Production of white blood cells
3What is erythropoiesis?
Production of red blood cells
4What is hematocrit?
Ratio of blood cells to plasma (%)
5What does hemostasis keep?
Blood inside a damaged blood vessel
6What are the three types of hemostasis?
Vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation
7What is the coagulation cascade?
Series of steps that form a fibrin clot through intrinsic or extrinsic pathways
8In the coagulation cascade, what do platelets stick to in damaged vessels?
Collagen
9What do platelets release during the coagulation cascade?
Platelet-activating factor, leading to thromboxane A2 release
10What are the two key features of the immune system?
Specificity and memory
11What does the immune system distinguish between?
Self and non-self
12What is one major function of the immune system regarding abnormal self cells?
Recognize and remove them
13What is another major function of the immune system regarding damaged cells?
Remove dead or damaged cells
14How does the immune system protect the body?
Against disease-causing invaders
15What are pathogens?
Disease-causing agents
16What are the five major types of pathogens?
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, multicellular parasites (worms)
17What is Step 1 of the immune response?
Detect and identify the foreign substance
18What is Step 2 of the immune response?
Communicate with other immune cells
19What is Step 3 of the immune response?
Recruit assistance and coordinate the response
20What is Step 4 of the immune response?
Destroy or suppress the invader
21What role do cytokines play in immunity?
Create the inflammatory response
22Inflammation is the hallmark reaction of which immunity type?
Innate immunity
23What is one role of inflammation in infection?
Attract immune cells and chemical mediators to the site
24How does inflammation help limit infection spread?
Produces a physical barrier that retards spread
25How does inflammation support recovery?
Promotes tissue repair after infection is controlled
26What are antibodies?
Proteins secreted by plasma cells
27Which antibody class is most abundant in serum?
IgG
28Which antibody class is produced in secondary immune responses?
IgG
29Which antibody class crosses the placenta?
IgG
30Which antibody class reacts with complement and is most abundant in serum?
IgG
31Where is IgA primarily found?
External secretions
32What does IgE target?
Gut parasites
33Which antibody class is associated with allergic responses?
IgE
34Which antibody class is associated with primary immune responses?
IgM
35Which antibody class reacts strongly with complement?
IgM
36Where is IgD found, and what is its role?
On B-cell surfaces; its role is unclear
37What are the components of an antibody molecule?
Two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains
38What links antibody chains together?
Disulfide bonds
39What can specific antigens trigger?
Allergic responses
40What is an allergy?
An inflammatory immune response to a nonpathogenic antigen
41What is Step 1 of the allergen response?
An antigen-presenting cell ingests and processes the allergen
42What is Step 2 of the allergen response?
The antigen-presenting cell activates a helper T cell
43What is Step 3 of the allergen response?
The activated helper T cell activates a B lymphocyte
44What is Step 4 of the allergen response?
Activated B lymphocytes become plasma cells and memory cells
45What is Step 5 of the allergen response?
Memory B and T cells retain memory of allergen exposure
46What happens during Step 6 of the allergen response?
Reexposure activates B and T cells faster, causing a strong response
47Which mediators are released during an allergic response?
Histamine, cytokines, and other mediators
48What causes the symptoms of an allergic response?
Release of histamine, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators
49What antigens are present on blood type O red blood cells?
Neither A nor B antigens
50What antibodies are present in blood type O?
Anti-A and anti-B
51What antigen is present in blood type A?
A antigen
52What antibody is present in blood type A?
Anti-B
53What antigen is present in blood type B?
B antigen
54What antibody is present in blood type B?
Anti-A
55What antigens are present in blood type AB?
A and B antigens
56What antibodies are present in blood type AB?
Neither anti-A nor anti-B
57How do complement proteins attack pathogens?
Insert into pathogen membranes and create pores