Animal Form and Function

The measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance.

The total energy transferred between substances due to a temperature difference.

Transfer of heat through direct contact between materials.

Transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid across a surface.

Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves (like sunlight).

Cooling process when liquid water absorbs heat to become vapor.

Internal body adjustments (like sweating or shivering) to maintain temperature.

Actions (like basking or hiding) that control body temperature.

When an organism's internal state changes to match the external environment.

Animal that generates its own body heat through metabolism.

Animal that relies on external heat sources to regulate body temperature.

Maintains a stable internal body temperature.

Body temperature fluctuates with environmental changes.

Short-term drop in body temperature and metabolism to save energy.

Long-term torpor during cold seasons.

Heat transfer between fluids moving in opposite directions to conserve heat.

Control of water and ion balance within an organism.

Matching internal osmotic concentration to that of the environment.

Control of specific ion levels (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻) for homeostasis.

Measure of solute concentration in a solution.

Units describing the number of solute particles per liter of solution.

Byproducts of protein metabolism requiring excretion.

Toxic waste excreted directly by aquatic animals.

Less toxic nitrogenous waste formed in the liver; used by mammals.

Solid, low-water waste excreted by birds and reptiles.

Organ in sharks that secretes excess salts.

Removal of metabolic waste from the body.

Release of substances from cells or glands.

Uptake of nutrients or substances into cells or tissues.

Recovery of useful solutes or water from filtrate.

Movement of fluid through a barrier under pressure.

Organ that filters blood and regulates water and ion balance.

Outer region of the kidney where filtration begins.

Inner region responsible for concentrating urine.

Functional unit of the kidney performing filtration and reabsorption.

Part of nephron that filters blood (glomerulus + Bowman's capsule).

Network of capillaries filtering blood into Bowman's capsule.

Cup-like sac collecting filtrate from the glomerulus.

First nephron segment; reabsorbs nutrients and ions.

Water leaves filtrate; urine becomes concentrated.

Passive salt reabsorption.

Active salt transport; impermeable to water.

Adjusts ion balance; regulated by hormones.

Controls final urine concentration; influenced by ADH.

Mechanism in loop of Henle that creates a salt gradient.

Water channel proteins that facilitate osmosis.

Hormone increasing water reabsorption in kidneys.

Hormone increasing Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion.

Tough polysaccharide forming insect exoskeletons; reduces water loss.

Excretory organs in insects removing nitrogenous waste.

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

Movement of fluids driven by pressure differences.

Organs for gas exchange (e.g., lungs, gills, tracheae).

Network that transports gases, nutrients, and wastes.

Movement of air or water across gas exchange surfaces.

Diffusion of O₂ and CO₂ between environment and blood.

Transport of fluids through the body.

Pressure contributed by a specific gas in a mixture.

Partial pressure of a specific gas (e.g., Pₒ₂).

Total pressure of all gases combined.

Fraction of a particular gas in a mixture.

Gas that has diffused into a liquid.

Ability of a gas to dissolve in a fluid.

Amount of gas per unit of volume.

Resistance of a fluid to flow.

Energy needed to change temperature of a substance.

Thin surfaces for gas exchange in small aquatic animals.

Folded gill filaments with large surface area for diffusion.

Opposite flow of water and blood in gills for efficient gas transfer.

Air enters and exits via the same pathway (as in humans).

Insect air-tube system delivering O₂ directly to tissues.

Main airway leading to lungs or tracheal tubes.

External openings in insects allowing air entry.

Air pushed into lungs (e.g., frogs).

Air pulled in by diaphragm contraction (mammals).

Branching airways in the lungs.

Tiny lung sacs for gas diffusion.

Muscle driving inhalation and exhalation.

Lungs' ability to stretch and recoil.

Force at liquid-air interface that can resist lung inflation.

Bird lung structures for one-way airflow.

Structures that store and move air for continuous gas exchange.

Blood-like fluid bathes organs directly.

Blood confined within vessels.

Circulatory fluid transporting gases and nutrients.

Circulatory fluid in invertebrates with open systems.

Space where hemolymph collects around tissues.

Carries blood away from heart.

Small artery controlling blood flow to capillaries.

Tiny vessel for exchange between blood and tissues.

Collects blood from capillaries.

Returns blood to the heart.

Simple heart that moves blood through wave-like contractions.

Heart divided into compartments for efficient circulation.

Prevents backward blood flow.

Heart chamber receiving blood.

Heart chamber pumping blood out.

Separates atrium and ventricle.

Controls blood flow out of the heart.

Pacemaker initiating heartbeat.

Heart contraction phase.

Heart relaxation phase.

Volume of blood pumped per minute.

Molecules increasing blood's O₂ capacity.

Iron-based oxygen carrier in red blood cells.

Copper-based oxygen carrier in invertebrates.

Cells that carry O₂ via hemoglobin.

Graph showing hemoglobin's O₂ saturation vs. PO₂.

Main CO₂ transport form in blood.

Chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands.

Ductless gland that releases hormones into blood.

Releases substances through ducts (e.g., sweat, saliva).

Brain region regulating hormone release.

Produces hormones that regulate other glands.

Releases ADH and oxytocin.

Rapid stress response increasing alertness and energy.

Adrenal hormone causing fight-or-flight effects.

Produces stress-related hormones.

Hormonal adjustment to maintain homeostasis under stress.

Long-term stress hormone increasing glucose availability.

Regulates metabolism and growth.

Hormones (T3, T4) increasing metabolic rate.

Overproduction of a hormone.

Underproduction of a hormone.

Target cells' reduced sensitivity to hormones.

Hormone regulating appetite and fat storage.

Insect hormone maintaining larval stage.

Insect hormone triggering molting and metamorphosis.

Nerve cell transmitting signals.

Support cell assisting neurons.

Brain and spinal cord.

Organ controlling integration and response.

Controls basic life functions (breathing, heartbeat).

Pathway for signals between brain and body.

Nerves outside CNS.

Carries sensory input to CNS.

Sends motor output from CNS.

Controls voluntary movement.

Controls involuntary functions.

Fight or flight.

Rest and digest.

Receives signals.

Neuron's cell body.

Transmits electrical signals.

Releases neurotransmitters.

Detects stimuli.

Sends signals to muscles.

Connects neurons within CNS.

Electrical difference across a membrane.

Baseline electrical charge of a neuron.

Voltage needed to trigger an action potential.

Rapid voltage change causing a nerve impulse.

Always open, maintain resting potential.

Open during action potentials.

Movement of action potential along axon.

Time when a neuron can't fire again immediately.

Junction between two neurons.

Sends neurotransmitter.

Receives signal.

Trigger neurotransmitter release.

Stores neurotransmitters.

Space between neurons.

Chemical messenger between neurons.

Excitatory or inhibitory signals changing membrane potential.

Combined effect of multiple signals.

Processing of inputs to generate an output.