SOCIAL SCIENCE

3 Levels of Mental Life

The material that we have no immediate access to, and we cannot bring into consciousness. It includes repressed feelings, hidden memories, habits, thoughts, desires, and reactions.

It stores all the thoughts of which you could bring into consciousness fairly easily if you wanted to; thoughts that can be easily recalled without special techniques.

It contains those thoughts of which you are currently aware (e.g. logic and reasoning).

Provinces of the Mind

•It is the oldest and most primitive psychic energy;

•Representing the biological foundations of personality;

•Is concerned only with satisfying personal desires; and

• The actions taken by the ___ are based on the Pleasure Principle (motivate the organism to seek pleasure).

•The "executive";

•The primary job of the __ is to mediate/ balance the demands of the Id and the outer forces of reality;

•The center of reason, reality-testing, and common sense; and

•Governed by the Reality Principle

•The "ideal";

•Consequence of the oedipal drama (sexual desire [child] toward the parent of the opposite sex jealous feelings [child] toward the parent of the same sex);

•The moral arm of the personality, it corresponds to one's conscience; and

•Bids the psychic apparatus to pursue idealistic goals and perfection.

_____ is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques that have their origin in the work and theories of Sigmund Freud. The core idea at the center of _____ is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories (Cherry 2020).

He is the Father of Psychoanalysis

He had a medical background wanted to do "neurophysiologic research".

He had a medical background wanted to do "_______".

Symbol is a _____It is important to study Symbol/Symbolic Interactionism____

____ are full of symbolic interactionism and your interactions are different based on the society in which you live. Additionally, many symbolic experiences with that particular symbol. Check out few different example of symbolic interactionism. society

Is a social psychological theory developed from the work of Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead in the early part of the 20th century (the actual name of the theory comes from Herbert Blumer, one of Mead's students).

Freud's Model of Personality Structure

According to ___ and ____ in the standard view, rational choice is defined to mean the process of determining what options are available and then choosing the most preferred one according to some consistent criterion. In these sense, rational choice is presented as maximizing a real valued utility function.

Provided by lan Shapiro and Donald Green:

- means that a person will choose the object that provides the greatest reward at the lowest costs.

Functions of the ____:

first area of socialization for children

cultivates values, beliefs, and norms

reinforces social roles.

the chioces we make today can affect us personally and can make an impact socially

who provides the basic concepts and principles of rational choice

means that a person will make a choices related to his/her goals and determine the ways to attain these goal.Basic

means that the results of individual actions and interactions will lead to social change or group outcomes.

Scarce resources influence the choices we have and the factors that we take into when making a decision. Hence, it becomes important to make a rational choice.

• Refers to a theory about the ways in which organizational structures, norms, practices, and patterns of social relationships are connected to the broadersocial and cultural environment.

• ______ are;

organizations

other formal structures that govern a field of action such as education (Rojas 2018)

• Understanding society through institutions is called

• Institutions are made by humans through a series of social interaction • Just as how institutions influence the life of an individual, we are capable o shaping our institutions.

German sociologist and historian

Institutions become a tradition as more people follow it

• An individual typically follows institutions as part of his or her society's tradition.

TYPES OF INSTITUTIONS

Formal institutions are made through a series of explicit social interactions:

Repeated actions that become recognized by a self-conscious individual and are then internally represented by him or her.

Habits that are shared within a group.

Procedures that are agreed upon society.

• They are implementers of institutionalization.

e.g., imams in Islam uphold religious beliefs by facilitating traditions, conventions, and customs.

e.g., Teachers, as school authorities, implement rules in the classroom.

MORE THAN HABITS, CUSTOMS, AND CONVENTIONS



• Widely implied understanding of how

to behave in society

• No explicit law or doctrine but still generally followed

Showing "utang na loob" by taking care of one's parents when they grow older is common in Filipinos.

The role of "tagasalo" in the family

one who takes care of the family or always comes to its rescue (Carandang 1987).

• reinforces the "breadwinner" characteristics.

• Integrates responsibility, care, and dependability in resolving conflict in the familyRELIGION AS AN INSTITUTION

RELIGION AS AN INSTITUTION

• provides meaning and sense to other people's lives.

• maintains order by forbidding certain behavio

RELIGION AS AN INSTITUTION

• Religious conventions

Familial customs:

"_______" as an honoring gesture to elders

• eating together to cultivate a sense of community.

• "No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances."

What can we know?

• Generally-held principles in society become ingrained into various laws.

• These principles become institutionalized in society through habits, customs, and conventions (e.g., laws)

When examining an institution, there are two institutional relations that must be considered:

• Inter-institutional relations

⚫e.g., labor rights (law protect labor conditions (economy).

• Institutions and the individual

• Reflect and examine the habits, customs, and conventions in today's institutions.

• Ask yourself: How do my institutions strive for human liberation?

• How can I do my part in improving society?

According to this theory, individuals reside in a world that is largely socially constructed.

Example of Symbolic Interactionism in Everyday life

The way you perceived the world is unique. Based on your interactions with words, ideas, and event, different objects, can have different meanings to you..e

Examples in Society

Societies are full of symbolic interactionism and your interactions are different based on the society in which you live. Additionally, many symbolic experiences with that particular symbol. Check out few different example of symbolic interactionism. tsociety

Example of Society

The way you perceived the world is unique. Based on your interactions with words, ideas, and event, different objects, can have different meanings to you.

Examples in Symbolic Interactionism in Everyday life

Societies are full of symbolic interactionism and your interactions are different based on the society in which you live. Additionally, many symbolic experiences with that particular symbol. Check out few different example of symbolic interactionism. society

The symbols attached to "males" and "females", actions and appearances based on what is believed to be true from your interactions, rather than what is objectively true.

For example, women might be seen as weaker than men. A man wearing dress might be seen as feminine. These attributes lead to inequality and biases such as women getting paid less than men in the workforce.

Race and ethnicity is another area where symbolic interactionism comes into play. The issue of _____.

A study by Lance Hannon on colorism demonstrated lighter- skinned Latinos "looked" smarter according to Caucasians.

If you have a great relationship with your wife, the word wife will be positive. However, if your relationship with your wife is rocky, the meaning behind the word and what a wife symbolizes changes.

The _____ has been seen as a Christian symbol of hope but another meaning of rainbow is now associated community. with the LGBTQ

Meaning behind Symbolic Interaction

The way you perceived the world influences your understanding of i

Meaning behind Symbolic Interaction

How individuals interact symbols, such as language gestures and signs to create and convey meaning.

Meaning of Symbolic Interactionism in Everyday life

The way you perceived the world influences your understanding of if.

The meaning of Society

The way you perceived the world influences your understanding of if.

It is a psychological concept that involves learning by consequences.OPERANT CONDITIONING

Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Punishment

Extinction

______ is a learning process whereby deliberate behaviors are reinforced through consequences. Psychology divides reinforcement into four main categories;

4 Parts of OPERANT CONDITIONING

Positive reinforcement describes the best- known examples of operant conditioning receiving a reward for acting in a certain way.

When a child receives praise for performing a chore without complaint, like cleaning their room, they are more likely to continue to perform that chore in the future

When a worker is rewarded with a performance bonus for exceptional sales figures, she is inclined to continue performing at a high level in hopes of receiving another bonus in the future.Student consistently completes their homework to avoid the nagging reminder from their teacher.

Example of Positive Reinforcement

Student consistently completes their homework to avoid the nagging reminder from their teacher.

Example of Negative Reinforcement

Student consistently completes their homework to avoid the nagging reminder from their teacher.

Example of Negative Reinforcement

In this case, the application of the unpleasant reminder (nagging) reinforces the behavior of completing homework, illustrating negative reinforcement.

Whereas reinforcement is meant to encourage a certain behavior, punishment is meant to discourage a certain behavior.

this is the example of?

A sharp "No!" addressed to a pet engaging in unacceptable behavior is a classic example of punishment. The shout punishes the pet, conditioning it to avoid doing wrong behavior in the future.

an example of

An employee who misses work may suffer a cut in wages. The loss income (an undesired consequences) constitutes the punishment for missing work (an undesired behavior)

Psychology defines ____ as the loss of conditioning overtime when the conditioning stimuli are no longer present.

example of?

In school, if a student receives a gold star for an excellent test score but does not receive more gold stars in following tests, he may become increasingly unmotivated to perform well in the future tests. The operant conditioning of the positive behavior (doing well on a test) is becoming extinct.

He was a psychologist and researcher credited with establishing the principles of operant conditioning.

____ refers to the process of learning through rewards and punishments. In operant conditioning, Skinner emphasized how behavior is shaped by consequences - reinforcing action that lead to positive outcomes and punishing those resulting in negative outcomes.

OPERANT CONDITIONING AND YOU

describes a simple phenomenon that happens in every part of life. It is just one of the mechanisms by which people learn. Vital to understand how that mechanisms work to make sure it works best for you.

______, as it pertains to government, focuses its attention on figures, emblems or individuals that represent power and authority.

Depicts how deviance is functional for society and how society responds to deviance

An individual commits an act that is deemed by the rest of society as criminal, because it leads to public outrage and punishments.

Diverse and different groups of people in society and their habits, traditions and beliefs

- Activities associated with the governance of a place specifically a country.

A Social Science concerned chiefly with descript distribution, and consumption of goods and services

Is a social, political, and economic philosophy named after Karl Marx, which examines the effect of capitalism on labor, productivity and economic development and argues for a worker revolution to overturn capitalism in favor of communism.

____ posits that the struggle between social classes, specifically between the bourgeoisie, or capitalists and the proletariat or workers, defines economic a capitalist economy and will inevitably lead to revolutionary communism.

2 Types of People according to Karl Marx

Is consisting of tge working or labor class

Is consisting of the management class; those who own the means of production

THE 3 LEVELS OF CULTURE MODEL

8 Provinces represents the star of the Philippines

What does the 3 stars of the Philippine flag symbolize for?

What does blue mean?

What does red mean?

What does white means?

Race and ethnicity is another area where symbolic interactionisem comes into play.

is the symbols attached to "males" and "females"

great relationship with your wife.

seen as a Christian symbol of hope but another meaning of ______ is now associated with the LGBTQ community.

Feminism Concept of Social Suence seeks to raise aux wareness and

understanding about equality of gender.

is the belief that women should have equal nights to men, consequence, the women feminist movement fights for equal and opportunities for

The ______ of feminism took place in the lote nineteenth. and carly twentieth centuries, emerging out of an environment. of urban industrialism and liberal, Socialist polities / The goal of this was to open up opportunities for women, with a On suffrage focus

It extended the fight beyond politacal nights to education, work and the home.

In the Feminine mystique (1963), ______ ______ argues women were unhappy because of the feminine mystique domageng Houswife and and She said this was Ideal of feminity, which she called. The Happy it restricted mother giving up women to the role of homemaker. on work and education.

It is a period in the history of femenism that started in the 1990s and continues today. It focuses on issues of diversity, inclusivity and intersectionallty recognizing that women's experiences. shaped by factors like race, class, sexuality and ability.

Aims to make changes for structure of society. It focuses women within the existing achieving gender equality. by adiocating for reforms and policies that nghts and oppurtonitice promote women's

Inequality On gender is based Radical Feminism. Male power is always based on division of lotor from cocial relation and

intero chon

Seeks to transform society by challenging capitalism, promoting workers rights, and advocating for policies that support gender equality, such ac equal pay and affordable child care

Emphasizes the importance of deconstructing aisting Social norms and structures to flexible understandings of create more fluid and flexible understanding of gender and sexuality

Refers to attitudes regarding the appropriate roles, nights and responsibilities of men. and in society Traditional gender idealogies emphasizes the uplue of distinctive roles for women and men Ochuities where men and through parenting. fulfill their family roles through breadwinning wanen fulfill their roles being a homemaker and women

A set of behavioral nomes associated particularly with modes or females in labor Between given social group or system, which includes division of mcn and women, child rearing and socialization,
processes.

Refers to dispanty between indinduals due to gender. Gende isconstructed both socially, through social interactions as well as biologically through chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences. Gender inequality has been prevalent in all society for centuries and continues to exist cuen today.

It is one of the factors responsible for gender inequality.

children specially girls are mamed at a very young age

like dowry system, sati system, low status of women. are also responsible for the

The girl is not treated properly in the fomily. People still prefer the wand birth of a boy rother than a girl. The girl child is trained for household work only.

Types of Gender Inequality