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Chap 15 and 16

52 flashcardsby Cole
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the process of influencing others to do, think or believe something through speaking and writing
Persuasion
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is a request made to another pearson with the intent of influencing them
Appeal:
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reasoned claim or series of claims supported by evidence
Argument
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The difference between an appeal and an argument is
a argument is a logical statement (or series of) that is back up by evidence while an appeal is the statements that support your statement that must be backup by evidence

All arguments are appeals but not all appeals are alignments
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Coercion
involves influencing someone to do or think something by using threats, unwarranted emotion, or force, which includes distorting, hiding, or preventing conscious choices.
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The difficulty in influencing others to change their beliefs, attitudes, values,or behaviors has to do
with the fact that they are inextricably linked to people's identity.
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Values,
which represent the innermost core of an individual's identity, are almost impossible to change unless it is done over a very long period of time through constant reinforcement.
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Rhetoric
is the study of how speaking and writing influence people to do ro think what they otherwise would not do or think
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Aristotle maintained that a speaker can use three means to appeal to an audience:
appeals to reasoning and structure (or logos);
appeals to feelings (or pathos); and appeals to character traits,
such as qualifications and trustworthiness (or ethos).
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pertains to the rules of reasoning and how to use those rules to structure arguments that appeal to an audience’s thought processes
Logos
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or appeals to feelings and emotions, concerns that dimension of persuasive speaking that can arouse a sense of love or hatred, or make us fearful or assertive, proud or ashamed, or peaceful or angry
Pathos
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Aristotle was biased against pathos because of the tendency for
speakers to use emotion to deceive or manipulate audiences.Today, we see a similar distrust in the common assessment of political leaders
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or appeals to your wisdom or character as a speaker, is the glue that holds both rational and emotional appeals together
Ethos
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Aristotle suggested that if an audience does not develop a sense of you as a good and trustworthy person when delivering a speech,
no skillful argument or appeal to emotions will help you persuade them
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When persuading others, Aristotle suggested that a demonstration of our character is created and maintained in three ways:
Phronesis
Arete
Eunoia
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through a demonstration of practical wisdom or prudence
Phronesis:
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through demonstration of our moral virtues or being a good person
Arete
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demonstration or evidence of goodwill toward the audience.
Eunoia
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Today’s theories of motivation answer the same questions in ways similar to Aristotle’s, but tend to emphasize two kinds of appeals rather than three:
People are motivated to change because of reasoned or rational choices that are in their best interest.
People are motivated to change because of inherent human needs.
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Abraham Maslow argued
that basic needs have to be satisfied before one can appeal to higher order needs.
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The five levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs are:
physiological, safety, social, self esteem, and self actualization
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Some scholars have criticized Maslow’s hierarchy by suggesting that
some people are persuaded to act on higher-order needs even when basic physical and safety needs have not been met
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The best way to distinguish an emotional appeal from a persuasive argument is
to focus on the most important goal of a persuasive attempt.
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If a speaker evokes feelings without offering a series of reasons,
he or she is making an emotional appeal and not a persuasive argument.
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There are three appeals to emotions that people distrust:
Fear appeals or scare tactics
Propaganda
False advertising
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represent the broadest category of suspicious emotional appeals and encompass frightening or coercing an audience to think or do something for fear of harm.
Fear appeals or scare tactics
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is deliberately misleading, biased, or even false information used to manipulate an audience to agree with or adopt a particular belief system.
Propaganda
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or fraud concerns the promotion of a product or person for the benefit of the speaker, at the expense of the audience
False advertising
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3 parts of basic argument structure
Reasoing
Logic
Evidence
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refers to the ability to make an inference or a judgment based on evidence
Reasoning
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Different between deductive and inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning is making a inference based on a general understanding while inductive is coming to the inference based on specifics
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is an argument that leaves a part unsaid or unstated
Enthymeme
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an argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion drawn from those premises
Syllogism:
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3 types of claims
Fact
value
policy
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a statement that asserts something happened/is a fact
Claim of fact:
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a statement if something is good or bad
Claim of value:
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a statement that asserts something should or should not change
Claim of policy:
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a error in reasoning; in a argumentation a facial can make a argument invalid
Fallacy
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Organizational patterns:
cause and effect
problem and solution
refutation
comparative-advatange
motivated sequence
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Refutation:
describe the opposition and the consequences then state your position and contrast the consequence of your position
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Comparative-Advantage:
state the problem and describe and explain why your solution is better than others
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Motivated sequence:
move to help push the audience towards an action why it staisfaced their need.
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a fallacy that attacks the person’s character unfairly
Ad Hominem:
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fallacy that used fear to appeal that threatens force or violence if the audience does not accept the will of the speaker
Ad Baculum
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a fallacy that is appeal to misfortune and the plight of another
Ad Misericordiam
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a fallacy that appeals to the popular feelings or commonly held emotions about a claim or an assertion that is not supported by good evidence.
Ad Populum:
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the fallacy that says “everyone’s doing it”
Bandwagon Fallacy:
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his fallacy happens when a speaker claims that you only have two choices in making a decision where there is more than one choice.
Either or fallacy:
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this fallacy typically concerns a conclusion that does not logically follow from one or more premises
Non Sequitur Fallacy:
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is a fallacy which irrelevant information is presented alongside relevant information to distract the attention away from the relevant information
Red herring Fallacy
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a fallacy where a action is rejected with little or not evidence that the speaker insists that will lead to a chain reaction resulting in a undesirable end or ends
Slippery Slope Fallacy:
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a fallacy where someone takes another person’s argument or points and distorts or exaggerates it to an extreme way then attacks that distraction.
Straw man/person:
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