Development Dynamics: Geography B Edexcel GCSE (P1)

-Economic indicators
-social indicators
-political indicators

GDP (per capita)

literacy rate

corruption

-life expectancy
-literacy
-average length of schooling
-GDP per capita

improve

as GDP increases, more wealth is invested in education, which improves literacy rates

-birth rate
-death rate
-gender equality
-fertility rate
-population structures
-maternal/ infant mortality rate

-high fertility rate due to poverty and low attendance of adolescent girls at secondary schools
-this means they tend to marry earlier and have several children

1. Traditional society: most work in agriculture, a subsistence economy (eg Malawi)
2. Pre-conditions for take-off: shift from farming to manufacturing, trade increases profits for investment in infrastructure
3. Take-off: investment creates new industries (eg India), growth is rapid
4. Drive to maturity: industries produce consumer goods and tech is used throughout economy
5. Age of high mass consumption: wealth spent on service sector such as healthcare (eg UK), consumers enjoy range of goods

-development is about a core and periphery
-core regions are developed
-periphery regions are the 'others', producing raw materials to sell to the core (depend on core for market (which core can then exploit))

yes

-social
-historical
-environmental
-political

-education
-health

-climate
-topography

-systems of governance
-international relations

-colonialism
-neo-colonialism

-decision makers (usually gov or TNCs)
-experts who plan changes

-large + expensive
-often involve loans from Inter-Governmental Organisations (IGOs) like government banks
-sophisticated tech
-national/ regional level development

-experts working w/ communities to identify needs
-Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) like charities (and village)

-small/ local scale and inexpensive
-bring social and economic benefits to local communities
-intermediate tech

-targeted for specific needs of local people
-generates jobs amongst locals

-governments start relying on NGOs instead of developing their own systems
-lack of data abt how successful they are (+ not as accountable as IGO-led)

-access to large sums of money from IGOs (eg world bank)
-large infrastructure developments can benefit 100,000s of people

-locals may not actually benefit (may be displaced)
-costly to maintain and fail if funds run out

IGOs (world bank, the Indian government, Japanese banks)

-India's cities (hydroelectric power + provision of water)
-farmers (irrigation water for crops)

-local residents (villages and farmland flooded)
-western India (religious + historic sites flooded)

pits filled w/ dung which ferments to produce methane

-cooking w/ is smoke free reducing respiratory illness
-girls have more time to go to sch rather than collecting fuelwood
-slurry produced is nutrient rich fertiliser
-larger plants can be used to generate electicity

2nd largest in world (1.39 billion)

7 (already has 5 like Mumbai and New Delhi)

10 million people

74.4% with higher rate in urban

-no access to education
-very isolated from services

UN, G20 (also commonwealth and world trade organisation)

has the largest number of voters in the world

-tries to maintain good relations
-has some political disagreements (eg India deployed military to settle border disagreements w/ China, water resource conflict w/ China in Himilayan region, growing concern of China's influence in Indian Ocean)

10 million

Taj Mahal

one of largest film industries (making twice as many films as Hollywood)

Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism

Hinduism (Islam and Christianity too)

mountains in north

hot and humid, has wet seasons

good for trade (lots of ports and good access to many strong economies/ countries)

China, Bangladesh, Nepal etc

rapid development of China, Malaysia and Indonesia forced India to keep up

value of any goods, produce or services made or conducted in a country

rising steadily over last 20 years

India's trade becoming more globalised (more businesses trading internationally + India's lifestyle influenced by other countries' lifestyles and tech

-exports increased by almost 20x in 23 yrs
-500% increase in GDP
-reduced unemployment and poverty

-English is 2nd most spoken language (so easy communication)
-India has lower minimum wage than UK so reduces costs
-large working population (eap young people from rural areas)

TNCs tailoring products to entice more sales in a specific area

McDonalds removed all beef products and created Indian inspired food (eg Paneer Passion)

-by exposing them to unsafe conditions
-not protecting worker's rights

-poorly paid
-long hours w/ few breaks
-factories cheaply made and don't follow building regulations (lack of investments causes accidents eg explosions in firework factories killing 20 people in 2019)

rural to urban migration because more job opportunities in cities

-some young ppl don't want to live/ work in rural areas due to limited infrastructure, poor internet and subsistence farming
-few alternatives to farming if you don't want to in rural regions due to areas heavily relying on agriculture for income
-by moving, young people can attend further education (unis) so can earn higher wage in higher skilled job

-leaves rural areas w/ low independent/ working young people: older population can't retire, shortage of farmers in future and parents w/ out children to care for them in old age
-many come to city w/ little savings so can't afford price of living whilst looking for work: end up homeless leading growth of urban shanty towns/ informal housing which are usually unsafe

resulted in loss of natural greenfield land + destruction of environment
EXAMPLES: 19 lakes been emptied, filled or built over, sewage from informal housing emptied into local rivers and pollutes water, biodiversity has greatly reduced as concrete covers most land + habitats lost to housing or industry development