AP Human Geography - Unit 7 Vocabulary

A localized economy in which a large number of companies and industries cluster together and benefit from the cost reductions and gains in efficiency that result from this proximity.

A change in the earth's climate, especially a change due to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature.

the process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country which they have settled and taken over.

When peripheral economies rely too heavily on the export of raw materials, which places them on unequal terms of exchange with more-developed countries that export higher-value goods.

When two regions specifically satisfy each other's needs through exchange of raw materials and or finished goods.

National or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated.

the core countries depend on the periphery for labor and raw materials while the periphery depend on the core for goods. This dependency was created because of colonization.

the reduction in the per unit cost of production as the volume of production increases. In other words, the cost per unit of production decreases as volume of product increases. Costs per unit can decrease as the volume of production increases for different reasons.

A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way.

a political and economic partnership that represents a unique form of cooperation among sovereign countries.

areas found in many regions of the developing world. They provide incentives for foreign companies to conduct their business in developing regions. They provide benefits to the developing world in the form of foreign investments and improved employment opportunities.

The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a governments gross national product

designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs, quotas, and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services between them

allow for goods from foreign countries to be imported without a tariff, that is, without being taxed for the sake of being foreign goods.

is a measure of inequalities between men's and women's opportunities in a country. It combines inequalities in three areas: political participation and decision making, economic participation and decision making, and power over economic resources.

discrimination on the basis of sex or gender causing one sex or gender to be routinely privileged or prioritized over another.

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

A worldwide period of economic difficulty experienced by markets and consumers.

the increasing connection of economic, cultural, and political characteristics across the world.

calculates the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country.

The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

the concentration of highly innovative and technically advanced industries that stimulate economic development in linked businesses and industries.

Companies that support the growth and development of sophisticated technologies. It is a very new industry that has rapidly transformed many cities and countries.

measures average life expectancy, amount of education, and per capita income.

the practice of a country extending its power and influence over other countries, typically through the use of military force, economic coercion, or cultural domination.

How income is divided among different groups or individuals.

A period of rapid development of industry that started in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It was brought about by the introduction of machinery and technology, such as steam power, which resulted in the growth of factories and the mass production of goods.

the process of economic and social change that transforms a human group from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one

Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that governments Gross National Product

transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

organizations that have been established by more than one country, to be of benefit to the public through the provision of financing.

Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed.

A statistic that determines what percentage of an age group or gender is currently working.

attempts to describe and predict the location of manufacturing industries based on three factors: transportation costs, labor cost, and the benefit of agglomeration

a large number of people purchasing large quantities of goods.

a regional integration process, initially established by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, and subsequently joined by Venezuela and Bolivia* -the latter still complying with the accession procedure.

Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries.

Describes the expansion of an area's economic base as a result of the basic and non-basic industries located there.

one whose economic development is between developing and highly developed classifications.

an intergovernmental organization of 13 oil-producing countries that aims to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member states.

A less-developed, economically poor country

the idea that modern industrial production has moved away from mass production in huge factories, as pioneered by Henry Ford, towards specialized markets based on small flexible manufacturing units.

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

The growth in technology and business leads to specialization of services. -Handling and processing of information and capital. -Includes medicine, law, education, investment and finance, research and development, computer technology.

the highest level of economic activity, which involves the decision-making and policy-making that drives the other sectors of the economy. It includes activities such as high-level management, administration, and policy development.

Traditional Society; Preconditions for Take-Off; Take-Off; Drive to Maturity; and Age of High Mass Consumption

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming and assembling raw materials.

countries that have a standard of living lower than those in the “core,” but much higher than those in the “periphery.” They are almost exclusively centers of manufacturing and exporting.

industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

designated areas within a country that have special economic regulations that are more favorable than the regulations that apply in the rest of the country

the use of natural resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

collection of 17 global goals aimed at improving the planet and the quality of human life around the world by the year 2030.

a tax that a government charges people on import and export goods.

anything that has to do with the sale or exchange of goods.

postulates that the world is one interconnected collection of nations and states that, due to the initial wave of European colonialism in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, is dominated by economic centers in Europe and North America.

a supranational organization that creates policies on global trading.