Nervous system

sensory receptors respond to stimuli

brain and spinal cord process stimuli

Control two organs

Brain is the organ used for this

Adaptability of the body

brain and spinal cord

all neurons outside CNS

3 Neuron Characteristics, muscle

receives stimulus from other neurons or sensory receptors

processes stimulusdevelop

Transmits stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ, or other neuron

fatty protective wrapping around axon

Gaps in Myelin sheath where action potentials develop

Jumping of action potentials

disease of myelin sheath that causes loss of function

Many dendrites and a single axon

One polar and one axon

one axon and no dendrites

3 characteristics of Neuroglia

Type of Neuroglia that is star shaped, most abundant, and forms blood-brain barrier

produce and circulate cerebnospinal fluid

Helps remove bacteria and cell debris from CNS

produce myelin sheath in CNS

Produce myelin sheath in PNS

Collection of dendrites and cell bodies

collection of axons and their myelin sheath

"Electricity” that cause depolarization and repolarization and change resting membrane potential by activatinggated ion channels

1. movement of Na+ which causes inside of cell to be more positive (depolarize)
2. If enough Na+ enters then threshold is reached and more Na+ channelsopen 3. Once threshold is reached all or none law applies 4. Action potentials continue until Na+ channels close, K+ channelsopen, and repolarization occurs 5. Sodium/potassium pump restores

1. where an axon attaches to a muscle, gland,organ, or other neuron 2. involved with release of neurotransmitters.

involuntary response to stimulusst

path reflex travels (Asso

picks up stimulus in skin

sends stimulus to interneurons in spinal cord

located in CNS and connect to motor neurons and it process stimulus

send response to effector

muscle, gland, or organ

1. two or more neurons synapse same neuron 2. allows info. to be transmitted in more than one neuronal pathway to converge into a single pathway.

1. axon from one neuron divides and synapses withmore than one neuron 2. allows info. to be transmitted in one neuronal pathway to diverge into 2 or more pathways

Consists of brain and spinal cord

1. Extends from foramen magnum to 2nd lumbar vertebra 2. Protected by vertebral column 3. Spinal nerves allow movement 4. If damaged paralysis can occur

center of spinal cord and looks like H or a butterfly.

white matter in spinal cord contains 3 columns

axons that conduct action potentials towards the brain

axons that conducts action potentials away from the brain

contain axons which synapse with interneurons

contain somatic neurons

contain autonomic neurons

fluid filled space in center of cord

1. Arise along spinal cord from union of dorsal roots and ventral roots 2. Contain axons sensory and somatic neurons 3. Located between vertebra 4. Categorized by region of vertebral column from which it emerges (C for cervical) 5. 31 pairs 6. Organized in 3 plexuses.

1. Spinal nerves C1-4 2. Innervates muscles attached to hyoid bone and neck 3. Contains phrenic nerve which innervates

Originates from spinal nerves C5-T1 and Supply nerves to upper limb, shoulder

Originates from spinal nerves L1 to S4 and Supply nerves lower limbs

1. Fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord 2. Provides a protective cushion around the CNS 3. Produced in choroid plexus of brain

1. Location: continuous with spinal cord 2. Function:regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping, coughing, sneezing, balance 3. Other: pyramids: involved in conscious control of skeletal muscle

Location: above medulla, bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum and Function: breathing, chewing, salivation, swallowing

Location: above pons and Function: coordinated eye movement, pupil diameter, turnin

Location: scattered throughout brainstem and Function: regulates cyclical motor function, respiration, walking, chewing, arousing and maintaining consciousness, regulates sleep-wake

Characteristics: largest portion of diencephalon and Function: influences moods and detects

Location: above thalamus and Function: emotional and visceral response to odors

Location: below thalamus and Characteristics: controls pituitary gland and is connected to it by infundibulum, its function: controls homeostasis, body temp, thirst, hunger, fear, rage, sexual emotion

1. Largest portion of brain 2. Divisions: Right Hemisphere Left Hemisphere separated by longitudinal fissure 3. Lobes: frontal, parietal,occipital, temporal

location: surface of cerebrum, composed of gray matter and Function: controls thinking, communicating,remembering, understanding, and initiatesinvoluntary movements

folds on cerebral cortex that increase surface area

shallow indentations

deep indentations

controls right side of body and is responsible for math, analytic, and speech

controls left side of body and is responsible for music, art, abstract ideas

connection between 2 hemispheres

location: front and Function: controls voluntary motor functions, aggression,moods, smell

Location: top and Function: evaluates sensory input such as touch, pain, pressure, temp, taste

Location: back and Function: Vision

Location: sides- Function: hearing, smell, memory

1. Location: below cerebrum 2. Characteristics: • means little brain • cortex is composed ofgyri, sulci, gray matter 3. Functions: controls balance, muscle tone, coordination of fine motor movement

1. CNS constantly receives sensory input 2. We are unaware of most sensory input 3. Sensory input is vital of our survival and normal functions

1. pathways in brain and spinal cord 2. transmit info. via action potentials from periphery to brain 3. each tract has limited type of sensory input (temp, touch, pain, etc.) 4. tracts are named that indicated origin and termination 5. made of 2-3 neurons in sequence.

where ascending tracts project amd where sensation are perceived

1. general sensory area 2. in parietal lobe 3. sensory input such as pain, pressure, temp.

frontal lobe and controls voluntary motor movement.

frontal lobe and where motor functions are organized before initiation

motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movement

Project from upper motor neurons in cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons in spinal cord and brainstem and Control different types of movements

Group of functionally related nuclei and Plan, organize, coordinate motor movements and posture

deep in cerebrum

In midbrain

Mainly in left hemisphere

parietal lobe ans where words are heard and comprehended

frontal lobe and where words are formulated

Used to diagnose and determine treatment ofr brain disorders

electrodes plated on scalp to record brain’s electrical activity

person is awake in a quiet state

instense mental activity

Deep sleep

In children

1. brief retention of sensory input received by brain while something is scanned, evaluated, and acted up 2. also called sensory memory 3. in temporal lobe 4. lasts less than a second

1. data that has been encoded 2. temporal lobe 3. short term memory

long term memory and few minutes or permanently (depends on retrieval)

How often info. is used

info. is retained for a few seconds or min.- bits of info. (usually 7)

Can last a few minutes or permanently

Places or events

Utilizing past memories

protective wrapping around brain and spinal cord

Infection of meninges

superficial and thickest layer

2nd layer

3rd layer and surface of brain

Where Cerebnospinal fluid sits

12 pair of cranial nerves and Named by roman numerals, it also has 2 categories of functions: sensory and motor

Consists of all neurons outside brain and spinal cord•Collects input from different sources, relays input to CNS, and performs action

Collects input from periphery and sends it to CNS

Carries processed input from CNS to Effector

response is automatic (involuntary) and controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.

response is voluntary and controls skeletal muscles

1. activated during times of stress 2. part of fight or flight response 3. prepares you for physical activity by: 1. ↑ HR 2. ↑ BP 3. ↑ BR 4. sending more blood to skeletal muscle 5. inhibiting digestive tract

1. “housekeeper” 2. activated under normal conditions 3. involved in digestion, urine production, and dilation/constriction of pupils, etc.