BIOL 2120 Practical

cytoplasmic connections between cells
allow for cell-to-cell communication and solute transport between cells

forms the outermost layer of plants - acts as a protective barrier

flattened, lack chloroplasts, secrete waxy substance called a cuticle on external surface

specialized structures that help exchange gas, opening flanked by 2 guard cells

specialized appendages that provide protection
can also reflect sunlight and retain moisture
found in some epidermal cells

makes up most of the plant interior

mostly living cells that are involved in metabolism and provide support to plant body

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerencyhma

simple living tissue with thin primary cell walls

most abundant and versatile plant cells

may contain chloroplasts and/or have storage functions

also found in merristems - rapidly divide to form new plant structures

living cells with an unevenly thickened primary cell wall

found in simple tissue that functions primarily to provide support during bending and stretching of shoots

dead at maturity, provide support

includes two types of specialized cells: fibers and sclereids
found in tough coat of seeds and pits

sclerenchyma - extremely elongated cells

sclerenchyma - relatively short cells, variable shapes

store starch
stained purple with I2/Kl

what type of cells are visible in this pear cross section?

phoroglucinol is a chemical that will stain ________ (substance found in secondary cell walls of plants)

conducts water and dissolved nutrients from roots to shoots

contains parenchyma cells that provide structural support

the xylem contains _________ and _______ _________, which are dead at maturity

help conduct water through the plant as long columns of hollowed-out cells

transports sugar and other organic materials between cells in plants

the phloem contains _______ ____ ________ which are long thin cells that stack together in a tube

perforated ends called sieve plates

sieve tube elements are connected to ___________ ______ via plasmodesmata, which contain most organelles and support the sieve tube elements

true/false: sieve tube elements contain nuclei

the presence of leaf blades __________ the rate of water movement

this xylem is from a __________ because it only contains tracheids (no VE)

gas exchange in woody stems occurs through the __________

chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients and minerals from food

breaks down and physically digests food through smooth muscle churning

metabolizes nutrients, detoxifies blood, makes bile

stores and concentrates bile

moves food from the pharynx to the stomach using smooth muscle contractions

absorbs water from digested material to form solid waste

makes and secretes digestive enzymes to aid in chemical digestion of macromolecules

_______ ____, _____, and _________ all increase the surface area of the small intestine

location in the small intestine where nutrients are abosrbed across the intestinal lining

carries urine from the kidney the the urinary bladder

functional unit of the kidney

female reproductive pathway

male reproductive pathway

connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, warms and moisturizes air

filters blood and produces lymphocytes

produces and secretes hormones to control metabolism, growth, development

produces T-cells, some hormones

kidneys have _____ _______ so that more blood can be filtered

when blood pressure is at its highest shortly after contraction begins

when blood pressure is at its lowest at the end of relaxation (before ventricle contraction begins)

gas exchange for fetal pig occurs at the ________

in open circulatory systems, hemolymph is ___ completely confined to vessels
many ___________ have this
exchange with extracellular fluid by _____ ______ and diffusion
___ pressure and flow

in closed circulatory systems, blood is __________ to vessels
examples include ___________ along with annelids and cephalopod mollusks
exchange with extracellular fluid by __________ through capillary walls
_______ pressure and flow

thin walls, 3 layers, carry blood under low pressure back, contain valves that prevent backflow of blood

thick walls, 3 layers, carries blood under high pressure away

very thin walls, 1 layer thick, allows gas exchange between blood and other tissues

small and numerous, reddish due to hemoglobin, transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and CO2 from tisssues to lungs

large cells - protect against infectios and other harmful substances (immune system)

medium sized, hemostasis - form blood clots to stop bleeding

amount of air inhaled/exhaled normally

amount of air inhaled past tidal volume

amount of air that can be exhaled past tidal volume

combined volume of inspiratory + expiratory reserve volumes

insects - openings in the exoskeleton that allow air flow in and out

insects - tubes that connect treacheae to air sacs

insects - organs of gas exchange in insects

organs of gas exchang in fish

bony flap of tissue that covers the gills

organ of gas exchange in mammals

these create the large surface area in lungs

large surface area in gills created by ______ ____________

covers larynx during swallowing to protect respiratory tree

pressure in the thoracic cavity is controlled by the ____________ and intercostal muscles

true/false: alveoli have thick walls

cells that transmit and recieve signals throughout the body

cells that support neruon cells, can speed up signal transmission by creating myelin sheath

connections to other cells formed by neurons - convert electrical signals to chemical signals

this contains cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

this contains axons wrapped with myelin

this includes the brain and spinal cord

this includes cranial and spinal nerves, peripheral nerves, and ganglia

the ________ nervous system carries sensory info to CNS (input)

the __________ nervous system carries motor signals from CNS (output)

activates maintenance systems - "rest and digest"

prepares body for action - "fight or flight" response

carries visual signals to the brain

part of the eye that contains the photoreceptors

photoreceptor - respond to any color of light, high sensitivity but low color discrimination
low acuity
maintain vision in low light

number of rod types in humans

photoreceptor - color discrimination and resolution
good acuity but low sensitivity
good in bright light, not dim light

humans have__ types of cones

photoreceptor pigment, can be bleached to reduce sensitvity of cones

largest portion of the brain - conscious thought

coordinates complex motor patterns

region of brainstem - controls several autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate

opening that allows light into the eye

clear, protective covering in front of the eye

recieves and transmits sensations of smell

regulates blinking, swallowing, chewing, autonomic functions

signals pituitary gland to produce hormones

produces hormones to regulate homeostasis

layers of tissue that protect the spinal cord

single nucleus
unstriated
unbranched
no sacromeres

1-2 nuclei
striated
branched
contains sacromeres and intercalated discs

multinucleate
striated
unbranched
contains sacromeres

the smallest stimulus that produces a detectable muscular response

when additional motor units are stimulated and force of the muscle contraction increases

an increase in force of contraction produced by stimulating the same set of fibers more frequently, not by adding more fibers

at high frequencies of stimulation, calcium concentrations in the muscle stay high and the muscle does not relax, producing a sustained maximal contraction

locations where osteocytes (mature bone cells) live, which are responsible for regulating the depostion and removal of caclium salts

opening that allows nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics to flow through osteons in compact bone

synapse that connects a motor neuron to a muscular fiber

area of cartilage where bone growth occurs
fuse and replaced with bone to mark end of growth (epiphyseal line)

outer layer of bones, provides support and strenght

within core of bones, provides lightweight support and houses red bone marrow

___ bone marrow produces blood cells

_____ bone marrow stores fat and can differentiate into connective tissues