1Define Poikilocytosis
increased number of red cells with variation in SHAPE
2Identify the red cell that is almost spherical in shape and lacks the central pallor
Spherocyte
3List the examples of associated conditions for Spherocytes
Hereditary spherocytosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, burns, ABO HDN, and following transfusion of stored blood
4Identify the physiological process that can naturally result in spherocytic red cells
Natural RBC death
5Explain why Spherocytes may be wrongly reported when examining the feathered edge of a blood film
Because the red blood cells in that area lack central pallor
6Stomatocyte is also known as
mouth cell
7Describe the appearance of a Stomatocyte
Elongated RBCs with a slit-like central pallor
8Identify the red cell shape that may sometimes be considered an artifact
Stomatocyte
9Enumerate the conditions associated with Stomatocytes
Rh Deficiency Syndrome, Alcoholism, Electrolyte imbalance, Severe liver diseases, Overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis, Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis
10Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis is also known as
Hered. Xerocytosis
11Identify the most common form of stomatocytosis
Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis
12Which specific red cell is described as a "dehydrated form of a stomatocyte"
Xerocyte
13Describe the appearance of a Xerocyte according to the notes
appears to have puddled at one end (half-light, half-dark)
14Identify the red cell described in the handwritten note as having a "dry appearance"
Xerocyte
15Identify the abbreviation "ABO HDN" written in the context of spherocytes
ABO Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
16Acanthocyte is also known as
Thorn or Spur cell
17Describe the physical surface of an Acanthocyte
Irregularly spiculated surface
18The presence of a few acanthocytes is considered
Not significant
19Identify the condition characterized by the absence of beta-lipoprotein
Abetalipoproteinemia
20List the other names for Abetalipoproteinemia
Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome and Hereditary acanthocytosis
21Abetalipoproteinemia is characterized by defective synthesis of which apolipoprotein
Apo B
22Due to defective apo B synthesis, name the three substances NOT found in plasma
VLDL, LDL, and chylomicron
23Identify the syndrome associated with acanthocytes that is abbreviated as "McP" in the notes
McLeod Syndrome
24Enumerate the conditions associated with Acanthocytes (Mnemonic: MAP PANCH)
McLeod Syndrome, Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Hepatic hemangioma, Neonatal hepatitis, After heparin administration, Postsplenectomy, Cirrhosis of the liver with associated hemolytic anemia
25Burr cell is also known as
Echinocytes
26Describe the physical surface of a Burr cell
Regularly spiculated surface
27Identify the primary condition associated with Burr cells, usually resulting from renal insufficiency
Uremia
28List the clinical and chemical characteristics of Uremia
Marked increase in plasma urea and other nitrogenous waste products, acidemia, electrolyte imbalance (K+ elevation), normocytic normochromic anemia, uremic frost (dirty skin), generalized edema, foul breath, and urine-like sweat
29Enumerate the conditions associated with Burr cells (Mnemonic: PP GAB)
Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Peptic ulcers, Gastric carcinoma, Bleeding gastric ulcers
30Identify the RBC shape described as "Oval-shaped RBCs"
Ovalocyte
31Name the primary condition associated with Ovalocytes
Hereditary Ovalocytosis
32Identify the RBC shape described as "Elliptical (cigar-shaped) RBC"
Elliptocyte
33Identify the primary condition associated with Elliptocytes
Hereditary Elliptocytosis
34List the conditions associated with Elliptocytes
Hereditary Elliptocytosis, Hb C disease, Iron deficiency anemia, Pernicious anemia, Sickle Cell Trait, Thalassemia
35Provide the "a.k.a." name for Thalassemia as written in the notes
Mediterranean anemia
36Identify the specific type of poikilocyte mentioned in the handwritten note under Thalassemia
Leptocytes (Hereditary Leptocytosis)
37Dacryocyte is also known as
teardrop cell
38Describe the physical appearance of a Dacryocyte
Pear-shaped or teardrop shaped RBCs
39Identify the primary condition associated with Dacryocytes (formerly known as myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia)
Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF)
40List the alternate names for Primary Myelofibrosis mentioned in the text
myeloid metaplasia, chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, agnogenic myelofibrosis
41Identify the specific myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) of which PMF is an example
Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF)
42Enumerate the marrow and PBS characteristics of Primary Myelofibrosis
hypercellularity, increased megakaryocytes, and fibrosis in the marrow; immature granulocytes, normoblasts, and dacryocytes in the PBS
43Identify the condition characterized by splenomegaly and the presence of "form of cancer" according to the notes
Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF)
44List the other associated conditions for Dacryocytes besides PMF
megaloblastic anemia, myelophthisic anemia, after Heinz body formation induced by drug ingestion, tuberculosis, tumor metastasized to the bone marrow, thalassemia, and some hemolytic anemias
45Schistocyte is also known as
Fragmented RBCs
46Provide the handwritten "a.k.a." for Schistocyte
Fragmentocyte
47List the general conditions and factors where Schistocytes are seen
patients with artificial heart valves, uremia, severe burns, and MAHAs
48Define the acronym MAHAs
microangiopathic hemolytic anemias
49Identify the four major disorders categorized under MAHAs
TTP, HELLP syndrome, HUS, and DIC
50Identify the MAHA characterized by renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and severe mucocutaneous hemorrhage
HUS (hemolytic uremic syndrome)
51Identify the specific bacterial serotype associated with HUS
Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7
52List the three clinical findings that characterize HELLP syndrome
hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count
53Define the specific schistocyte shape that appears in MAHA
Helmet cell
54Explain the mechanism of RBC fragmentation in MAHAs
narrowing or obstruction of small blood vessels by fibrin or platelet aggregates
55Provide the two alternate names for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
defibrination syndrome or consumption coagulopathy
56Identify the condition described as generalized over-activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems
DIC
57Identify the two specific laboratory tests written in the blanks for DIC
D-dimer and PF 1+2
58Identify the substance PF 1+2 represents according to the notes
prothrombin fragment
59Enumerate the related conditions for DIC using the TOMAS A mnemonic
Tissue trauma, Obstetric complications, Mucus-secreting tumors, Acute infections (ex: malaria, Gram negative septicemia), Snake bites, and Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)
60Drepanocyte is also known as
sickle cell or Meniscocyte
61Describe the physical shape of a Drepanocyte
Sickle- or crescent-shaped RBCs
62List the primary conditions associated with Drepanocytes
Sickle cell anemia and Hemoglobin SC disease
63Identify the first form of drepanocyte characterized by long projections that fragment when reoxygenated
ISC (Irreversibly Sickle Cells)
64Identify the second form of drepanocyte that returns to the original biconcave disk shape when reoxygenated
Oat-shaped cells
65How do Oat-shaped cells differ physically from ISCs
have less pronounced projections
66Target cell is also known as
Codocyte, Platycyte, Greek helmet cell, Mexican hat cell, Bull's eye cell, or Leptocyte
67Describe the appearance of a Target cell
RBCs which show a centrally stained area with a thin outer rim of hemoglobin
68Target cells are characterized by an increased ratio of
cell membrane-to-volume ratio
69Identify the shape of Codocytes when viewed in vivo or on electron microscopy
bell-shaped
70List the conditions associated with Target cells
Liver disease, certain hemoglobinopathies, Thalassemia, and LCAT deficiency
71Complete the "a.k.a." names for Thalassemia as written in the notes
Hereditary leptocytosis and Med. anemia
72What does the acronym LCAT stand for in the context of target cell associations
lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency
73Bite cell is also known as
Degmacyte
74Describe the appearance of a Bite cell
Demonstrate a semicircular defect in their edge (resembles a bite mark)
75Identify the primary condition associated with Bite cells
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency
76Identify the red cell described as "Folded RBCs"
Biscuit cell
77Identify the condition specifically associated with Biscuit cells
Hemoglobin SC disease
78Describe the hemoglobin distribution in a Bronze Elliptocyte
Bipolar or central distribution of hemoglobin
79Identify the condition associated with Bronze Elliptocytes
Sickle cell anemia
80Identify the structure described as a "pale-pink staining ghost of the red cell"
Semilunar body
81Describe the size of a Semilunar body compared to other blood cells
As large as leukocytes
82Identify the primary condition where Semilunar bodies are frequently seen
malaria
83What causes the formation of a Semilunar body
overt hemolysis (membrane remaining after the contents have been released)
84Basophilic stippling is also known as
Punctate Basophilia
85Identify the chemical content found in Basophilic stippling
Aggregated RNA
86Describe the appearance of Basophilic stippling under Wright stain
irregular, dark blue to purple granules evenly distributed within an RBC
87Identify the condition associated with fine stippling and increased polychromatophilia
Lead poisoning
88Identify the condition specifically associated with coarse stippling and impaired Hb synthesis
Plumbism (Saturnism)
89List the associated conditions for Basophilic stippling
Lead poisoning (plumbism, saturnism), Arsenic poisoning, Pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase deficiency, Thalassemia, Refractory anemias, Alcoholism, Megaloblastic anemias
90Identify the inclusion also known as Siderotic granules when stained with Wright stain
Pappenheimer bodies
91Identify the chemical content of Siderotic granules
Intra-erythrocytic collections of iron
92Describe the color of Siderotic granules when using Prussian Blue (Perls') stain
dark blue irregular granules
93Describe the color and appearance of Pappenheimer bodies under Wright stain
pale blue clusters
94Identify the specific peripheral blood picture seen in Sideroblastic Anemias
dimorphic (presence of BOTH normochromic and hypochromic RBCs in the same blood smear)
95List the associated conditions for Siderotic granules
Sideroblastic Anemias, Thalassemia, Hemochromatosis or Hemosiderosis
96Identify the inclusion composed of remnants of nuclear chromatin (DNA)
Howell-Jolly Bodies
97Describe the typical number and shape of Howell-Jolly bodies in a single cell
usually appears singly, round, and <1 μm in diameter
98Identify the specific cytochemical stain that is positive for Howell-Jolly bodies due to the presence of DNA
Feulgen reaction (+)
99List the associated conditions for Howell-Jolly bodies (Mnemonic: MAT)
Megaloblastic anemias, After splenectomy, Thalassemia
100Identify the threadlike structures that appear as purple-blue loops or rings
Cabot Rings
101Identify the chemical content of Cabot Rings
Mitotic spindle remnants
102List the associated conditions for Cabot Rings (Mnemonic: MRL)
Megaloblastic anemias, Refractory anemia, Lead poisoning
103Describe the appearance and location of Heinz Bodies
eccentrically along the inner RBC membrane, large, round, blue to purple materials
104Identify the chemical content of Heinz Bodies
Denatured and precipitated hemoglobin
105List the supravital stains used to visualize Heinz Bodies
Brilliant Cresyl Blue, Nile Blue Sulphate, Methyl Violet, Crystal Violet
106Heinz bodies are a hallmark of which enzyme deficiency
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency
107Identify the condition resulting from G-6-PD sensitivity to fava beans
FAVISM
108List the 8 examples of unstable hemoglobin variants that lead to Heinz body formation
Hb Köln, Hb Casper/Southampton, Hb Genova, Hb Gun Hill, Hb M-Saskatoon, Hb Bristol, Hb Torino, Hb Seattle
109Identify the inclusion described as small, multiple, evenly distributed granular greenish-blue bodies
Hb H inclusion bodies
110Identify the chemical content of Hb H inclusions
Precipitated Hb H (composed of 4 beta globin chains)
111Describe the appearance of RBCs containing Hb H bodies when stained with BCB or NMB
Pitted golf ball
112Identify the condition associated with Hb H inclusion bodies
Hb H Disease (a subtype of alpha thalassemia)
113Identify the parasitic inclusion that may present with Schuffner's dots
Malaria (Protozoa)
114Identify the other protozoan parasite mentioned in the handwritten notes
Babesia spp.
115List the stains used to visualize parasites in the blood
Wright stain and Giemsa stain