Platelets

Identify the bone marrow cell from which platelets arise

Identify the two stages of hemostasis in which platelets are important

Describe the internal structure of platelets regarding their cytoplasm and nucleus

Identify the location of platelets and RBCs within a blood vessel during flow

Identify the duration thrombocytes initially remain in the spleen after entering

Specify the normal distribution of platelets between systemic circulation and the splenic pool

State the average life span of a platelet

Identify the expected number of platelets per 100x field on a Wright-stained PBS

Identify the average diameter of a normal platelet

Enumerate the three major functions of platelets

Provide the alternative name (aka) for Reticulated Platelets

Identify the condition for which Reticulated Platelets appear as a compensation

Identify the component found in Reticulated Platelets that indicates they were newly released from megakaryocytes

Specify the diameter and Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) of Reticulated Platelets

Identify the two clinical uses for monitoring Reticulated Platelets

Provide the reference range for Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)

Identify the effect of EDTA on platelets and the resulting change in MPV

State the ideal age for an EDTA specimen to be used for platelet sizing

Identify the inheritance pattern and two categories of infections (TORCH) associated with WAS (Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome)

Enumerate the three diseases associated with MYH9 gene mutations that feature large platelets

Identify the four characteristics of MHA (May-Hegglin Anomaly)

Describe the shape of resting and circulating platelets

Describe the shape of activated platelets

Identify the appearance of platelet cytoplasm on a Wright-stained PBS

Differentiate between the chromomere and the hyalomere of the platelet cytoplasm

Provide the alternative name (aka) for Megakaryocytopoiesis

Define Megakaryocytopoiesis

Provide the alternative names (aka) for Thrombopoietin (TPO)

Identify the organ primarily responsible for the production of TPO

State the molecular weight and the percentage of homology TPO possesses with erythropoietin (EPO)

Identify the specific TPO receptor site present at all maturation stages from BFU-Meg to PLTs

Describe the relationship between plasma TPO concentration and platelet/megakaryocyte mass

Enumerate three major functions of TPO

Enumerate the three cytokines that function with TPO to stimulate megakaryocytopoiesis

Specify the size range and percentage of total bone marrow cells represented by megakaryocytes

State the normal range of megakaryocytes found per 10x low-power field in a bone marrow smear

Identify the three megakaryocyte lineage-committed progenitor stages in order of maturity

Identify the specific cell type that all three megakaryocyte progenitor stages resemble morphologically

Identify the type of cell division performed by BFU-Meg and CFU-Meg

Identify the unique process performed by LD-CFU-Meg after it loses its capacity to divide

Define the process of endomitosis

Identify the MK-I stage of megakaryocyte precursors

Identify the MK-II stage of megakaryocyte precursors

Identify the MK-III stage of megakaryocyte precursors

State the primary morphological feature used to identify the MK-II stage

Identify which precursor stage is the most abundant and is the stage where platelet shedding proceeds

Provide the alternative name (aka) for platelet shedding

State the estimated number of platelets that one megakaryocyte may shed

Identify the precursor stage characterized by a round nucleus, 2 to 6 nucleoli, and a 3:1 N:C ratio

Identify the precursor stage characterized by an indented nucleus and a 1:2 N:C ratio

Identify the precursor stage characterized by a multilobed nucleus, invisible nucleoli, and a 1:4 N:C ratio

Identify the staining characteristic of the cytoplasm in the MK-I stage

Identify the staining characteristic of the cytoplasm in the MK-III stage

Identify the structural system present in all three precursor stages (MK-I, MK-II, and MK-III)

Enumerate the three methods mentioned for studying platelet ultrastructure

Identify the two types of molecules anchored within the platelet plasma membrane

Enumerate the two neutral phospholipids found in the outer plasma layer

Enumerate the three anionic or polar phospholipids found in the inner cytoplasmic layer

Identify the phospholipid that flips to the outer surface upon activation to provide a charged surface for coagulation

Enumerate the two coagulation pathway complexes that assemble on the phosphatidylserine surface

Identify the substance that makes up the platelet membrane surface and absorbs plasma proteins through endocytosis

Enumerate three plasma proteins absorbed by the glycocalyx

Identify the ligand for the GP Ia/IIa (Integrin \alpha_{2}eta_{1}) receptor

Identify the receptor from the immunoglobulin gene family that serves as the key collagen receptor

Identify the substances released when GP VI triggers platelet activation

Identify the specific site on the GP Ib/IX/V complex where VWF binds

Identify the clinical condition caused by a deficiency of the GP Ib/IX/V complex

Identify the key fibrinogen receptor and the ligands it binds

Identify the clinical condition caused by a deficiency of GP IIb/IIIa

Enumerate the two STR receptors that bind Thrombin

Enumerate the two STR receptors that bind Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Identify the ligand for the IP receptor and its effect on platelet activation

Identify the low-affinity receptor (CD32) associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)

Identify the integrin found on \alpha-granule membranes that helps platelets bind to endothelial cells and WBCs

Enumerate the three components of the platelet cytoskeleton

Identify the protein that forms microtubules

Explain the structural role of the thick, circumferential bundle of microtubules

Describe the effect of cold on microtubules and the resulting change in platelet shape

Identify the protein that forms microfilaments and its location

Describe the state of actin in resting platelets versus when cytoplasmic calcium increases

Enumerate the two types of intermediate filaments found in the platelet cytoplasm

Identify the specific route through which \alpha-granules and lysosomes' contents flow during platelet activity

Identify the destination of dense granules during platelet activity

Specify the number of \alpha-granules found in each platelet

Describe the appearance of \alpha-granules in osmium-dye transmission electron microscopy preparations

Identify the general category of most \alpha-granule contents and the process they participate in

Identify the specific structure that \alpha-granule membranes fuse with during platelet activation

Enumerate three functions supported by the contents of \alpha-granules in the nearby environment

Identify two \alpha-granule proteins that specifically inhibit heparin

Enumerate four coagulation-related proteins found in \alpha-granules but not in the cytoplasm

Enumerate three growth factors found in \alpha-granules that support mitosis of vascular fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

Enumerate seven proteins found in both \alpha-granules and the platelet cytoplasm

Identify the specific protein found on the \alpha-granule membrane

Enumerate three glycoproteins found on both the \alpha-granule membrane and the plasma membrane

Specify the number of dense granules per platelet

Identify the alternative name (a.k.a.) for dense granules

Describe the appearance of dense granules when treated with osmium in transmission electron microscopy

Identify the general functional roles of dense granule contents in primary hemostasis

Define the term Agonist in a cellular context

Identify the function of ADP released from dense granules and the specific receptors it binds

State the status of the function of ATP found in dense granules

Identify the role of Serotonin (5-HT) and the structures it binds

Identify the general function of divalent cations like Ca^{2+} and Mg^{2+} in platelets

Describe the relative abundance of lysosomes in platelets

Enumerate four enzymes that lysosomes stain positive for

Identify the structures that lysosomes probably digest during in vivo aggregation

Describe the formation of the SCCS (Surface-Connected Canalicular System)

Describe the state of the glycocalyx within the SCCS compared to the platelet surface

Enumerate three processes for which the SCCS serves as a route

Identify the "Control Center" of the platelet which is a condensed remnant of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Identify the primary ion sequestered by the DTS

Enumerate three enzymes in the DTS that support the eicosanoid synthesis pathway to produce thromboxane A_{2}

Identify the enzyme in the DTS that supports the production of IP_{3} and DAG

Identify the alternative name (aka) for Aspirin and its effect on platelet synthesis