1What preceded database systems?
File systems
2What were manual file systems based on?
File folders kept in cabinets
3What happened when file systems were converted to computer systems?
Many home-grown systems were created, each with its own application programs
4Why are traditional file systems considered obsolete today?
Because managing data with file systems is inefficient and inflexible
5What is a major limitation of file systems regarding programming?
They require extensive programming
6Why is system administration difficult in file systems?
Because managing and maintaining file structures is complex
7Why is making changes to an existing file structure difficult?
Because all programs that use the file must also be modified
8Why are errors common when modifying file systems?
Changes often introduce errors and require debugging time
9Why were security features weak in file systems?
They were hard to program and often omitted or inadequate
10Why do independent files often contain redundant data?
Because each file is created separately without coordination
11What is data redundancy?
Unnecessary duplication of attribute values in different places
12What is data inconsistency?
Conflicting versions of the same data due to redundancy
13What are data anomalies?
Problems that occur when changes in redundant data are not properly made
14What is an update anomaly?
When a change is made in one file but not in another where the same data exists
15What is an insertion anomaly?
When new records cannot be added because required related data is missing
16What is a deletion anomaly?
When deleting a record unintentionally removes needed information