Ethics 1st Semester Final

the moral worth of actions or practices is determined by their consequences

The greatest good for the greatest number

what's best for the greatest number of people

The idea that actions are right and wrong in themselves independently of any consequences

It matters what your do because actions are inherently right or wrong

Deals with situation which ones persons consequences depend on the consequences of another person's actions

A trolley is coming, it will hit 5 people and you have the option to divert it and it will hit 1 person if you do.
At least one variation— fat man on the bridge, if you push him on the tracks he will stop the train and die but if you don't the 5 people will die.
5 guys are criminals

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

acting out of pure selfishness

Theirs debate whether it exists or not

Why do you do what you're supposed to do because it is what you're supposed to do. (Follow the rules because you have to follow the rules)

Following moral rules is experienced as an obligation because following the rules if not what we really want to do since it is not the path to true happiness.

Following good moral rules will allow you to live a better happier life. Doing the right thing makes you more fulfilled

Following genuine moral rules is what we all truly want since it itself constitutes a good, truly satisfying life

A directive that gives you a moral obligation and is directed towards some truth about the world; Teaches you good habits

directives that specify how resources will be distributed or what procedures govern collective activity

Enduring quality that makes us a certain kind of person
Latin word habitus — "disposition" - "the way you are"

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual

the actual action that is done

anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form

Why do you do it? The reason why you do your actions

the intended outcome or goal of the person choosing the object when making a moral decision

How you determine the morality of the action

1. Consequences of the action or inaction
2. Society's opinion of the action or inaction
3. Likelihood of effect of action or inaction
4. Time to consequences of action or inaction
5. Relatedness of people who will be affected by action or inaction
6. Reach of result of action or inaction

You are less culpable (Responsible) for your actions
Forced to do something

Wrongful coercion which induces a person to do something that otherwise would not have been done.

You are free as long as your decisions are your own (It doesn't matter what you do as long as your decisions are your own).

Being able to create yourself however you want; Freedom is measured in how many choices you have. Rules are therefore limits.

when you make good decisions your freedom expands because making good decisions leads to a more fulfilling life.

the power to act freely in the pursuit of human perfection and everlasting joy

Good Habit and a pattern of good behavior (Help you become a better person)

A habitual and firm disposition to do good

A pattern of bad behavior

bad habit

the kind of person you are and it's an inherent quality of mind or character

a person's inherent qualities of mind and character

the way that you are outwardly (it's how people see you)

outward behavior or bearing

The process of being formed and it becoming someone or something

something that is formed or created; an orderly arrangement or group of people, ships, or airplanes

-10 laws for a good moral life
-Jews and Christians have to follow them
-Basic for Jewish moral law

moral code of laws, written by god and given to moses

Guideline that Jesus gives in the sermon on the mount
They are examples of what we should be

The teachings of Jesus during the Sermon on the Mount in which he describes the 8 actions and attitudes that should characterize Christians and by which one can discover genuine meaning and happiness.

is a story that teaches a lesson
Jesus speaks in parables all the time to teach a lesson

a simple story/narrative that illustrates a moral or religious lesson

Your voice inside you that tells you what is right
In christianity it's the way God speaks to you.

an inner feeling or voice viewed as acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one's behavior.

A parable about the formation
- Farmer planting seeds - go on the path, rocky ground, thorns, and fertile soil.
- Path - trampled
- Rocky - cant grow their
- Thorns - grows until the thorns choke it
Soil - actually grows
Be careful with whom you surround yourself with

It describes good soil which represents a good environment for faith to grow

Way of analyzing your life to see where sin may be present (Usually done before reconciliation)

Prayerful self-reflection on one's words and deeds in light of the Gospel to determine how one has sinned against God. This is necessary to prepare for the Sacrament of Penance.

Not knowing the right thing to do, but you could have or should have known better

lack of knowledge or information

Not knowing the right thing and there was absolutely no way for you to have known.
Extremely rare

Lack of knowledge, either of fact or of law, for which a person is not morally responsible due to the difficulty of the object of the knowledge, scarcity of evidence, insufficient time or talent in the person, or some other factor

Catholics are obligated to form their conscience well (and can't depend on ignorance as an excuse)

Every teaching of the church and why it teaches it
Organize by paragraph

A summary of Catholic teaching.

3 things - Faith, Hope, and Charity (Love)

Faith, hope, and charity

4 things - Justice, Temperance, prudence, and fortitude
These are the virtues that comprise moral behavior and are used to catalog moral decision making

Based on the Latin word for "pivot," four virtues that are viewed as pivotal or essential for full Christian living: prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance.

-Virtue of treating others and (ourselves) with the respect and dignity they deserve
-Answer the question, what do we owe to each other?

Respecting the rights of others and giving them what is rightfully theirs

-Virtue of well-ordered desire (don't need to be perfect but you need to know your limits)
-Rule of moderation
-How do we treat our own humanity?

moderation, self-control, esp. regarding alcohol or other desires or pleasures; total abstinence from alcohol

-Virtue of seeing things as they truly are and acting accordingly
"Virtue of choosing well"
-How do you make the right decisions for the good of yourself and others?

wisdom, caution, or restraint

-The virtue of facing difficulty well (What happens to you when it's not your fault or when things don't go your way)
-Sometimes seen as perseverance
-How do you respond to the world or things outside your control?

courage in facing difficulties, pain and adversity

violation of the dignity or respect that someone deserves

lack of fairness or justice

1919-1933 sale of alcohol was prohibited, 18th amendment, temperance movement.

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

economic reason prohibition ended.

the economic crisis began with the stock market crash in 1929 and continued through the 1930s

reasonable limit for something, not too much and not too little.

Not too much or too little of something; not going to an extreme in your pursuit of a goal.

Not doing or using something at all.

a deliberate decision to avoid high-risk behaviors, including sexual activity and the use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs

is a desire that is within a appropriate limits such that the person is in control of them, and they do not control the person

desire that is outside of appropriate limits such that they are controlling the person.

to moderate

to moderate; soften

someone who sets appropriate limits

a variable that, depending on its level, changes the relationship between two other variables

limit, restrict, circumscribe, confine mean to set bounds for. limit implies setting a point or line (as in time, space, speed, or degree) beyond which something cannot or is not permitted to go.

reputation is not good - A person that collects taxes, bad reputation for them, they take extra money to pay for themselves.

collects taxes

member of a strict Jewish sect that is obsessed with following the Jewish law exactly how it is written.

A Jewish sect at the time of Jesus known for its strict adherence to the Law

enclosing the truth about yourself even if it's good or bad. Related to prudence.

a modest or low view of one's own importance; humbleness.

practical wisdom

good sense

The ability to feel, sense, or perceive; mental or emotional responsiveness toward something.

making the same decision every single time

use of the same accounting principles and methods from year to year within a company

how well you respond to really difficult things that happen

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

when you completely give up (hopelessness)

loss of hope; despair

ignificant hardship

Hardship; misfortune

latin word for justice but doesn't mean justice it means rightness or correctness

equal behavior between each other

treating people in a way that does not favor some over others

everybody is treated with the same respect and dignity. Respect they deserve.

living in loving relationship with God, self, others and creation

respect that someone owes simply because of their human

the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect

something that you have to do

an act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound; a duty or commitment.

something your obligated to do

A moral or legal obligation; a responsibility

legal guarantees you get because your a citizen

Powers or privileges granted to people either by an agreement among themselves or by law

open to being harmed or physically emotioned

A person's diminished ability to deal with demanding life events.

Treat other people how you want to be treated, It is a just rule.

Do unto others as you would have them do unto you

keep doing something despite dificulty

continued efforts in spite of difficulties

Catholics can not depend on ignorance to excuse their moral behavior because to do so would mean they are not practicing Catholics. Your moral behavior is driven by your religion and what it believes. For example, for Catholics, our moral behavior is driven by the 10 commandments and the 7 sacraments. You can not be ignorant of these if you are Catholic.

Because we have to form our consciences. Catholics have an obligation to learn right from wrong and do the right thing.

The practice of moderation and self-control is essential for developing character by controlling our desires within our bodies so that we make good choices and helping us to think of others, especially the poor. The ultimate goal of temperance is a good life in this world, a life characterized by love, joy and peace.

Every person has desires. Because every person has desires, people need to learn how to control their desires so that their desires don't control them. Temperance is a virtue that teaches self control and moderation of desires, so temperance can help all people live fulfilling lives such that their desires don't get in their way.

prudence: wise judgment
justice: equality
temperance: modesty
fortitude: courage
These are the virtues that comprise moral behavior and are used to catalog moral decision making

The utilitarian would argue no matter the case the best decision to take is the one that benefits the greatest number of people. So to solve the problem the utilitarian would divert the train so that it kills only 1 person, not 5.

No justice is not the same as fairness. Justice is giving someone respect and dignity and it is owed to them. Fairness is the quality of being fair, showing no bias towards some people or individuals. Not everyone is capable of being fair. For example, a person is charged with stealing something. One person might be sentenced to 1 year in jail and another person might be sentenced to 3 years in jail for committing the exact same crime. It depends on who the jury is and what they believe to be fair for the crime committed. Justice is the same the person is being punished for the crime but the punishment might not be the same and is not fair.

Use the Gospel passage (attached) to answer the questions. How is this passage related to the cardinal virtues? Which virtue or virtues is it related to. How do you know?