1When was the EEC application and admission?
1971 and 1973
2What was Heath's opinion on the EEC?
Passionately pro-European throughout his political career
3Who was Georges Pompidou and how did he support Britain?
POF 1969-74; supported Britain joining the EEC
4Who were the entrants of EEC in 1973? (3)
- UK
- Ireland
- Denmark
5Why was there Conservative skepticism to EEC? (2)
- Loyalty to Commonwealth
- Fears of surrendering sovereignty
6What was 'Eurosclerosis'?
A term describing a lack of dive and agreement on how to develop the Common Market in the late 1970s
7When was the EEC referendum?
June 1975
8Who was the 'yes' campaign financed by? (2)
- ICI and Shell
- Sun, Daily Mail, Telegraph, etc.
9What was the impact of the referendum?
- Britain's commitment to the EEC now seemed even more doubtful
- But skepticism was quieted for then
10Common Market contribution
They were meant to contribute 3%, but ended up contributing 9% and even 19% in 1977
11Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
Designed to protect the jobs of Europe's politically powerful farmers by restricting imports and guaranteeing prices; benefiting Europe far more than UK
12How much of the EEC budget was counted for by CAP?
70-87%
13What was the increase in trade after joining the EEC?
1973: £4.1bn
1975: £6.5bn
14Who was Enoch Powell and what did he do?
Euro-skeptic; consistently voted against every European bill
15How did Wilson approach uniting Labour over the issue of the EEC?
Re-negotiation and national referendum as and when Labour is in govt
16Why was the referendum campaign made in 1975?
Wilson's strategy to avoid party disunity
17What was the 'Yes' campaign and who was it led by?
Financed by business supporters; led by Jenkins, Thorpe and Heath
18What were the 'No' campaigns and who were they led by? What were their differing approaches?
- EEC would negatively affect British workers; led by Castle and Michael Foot
- Britain would lose sovereignty; led by Benn and Powell
19What was the 1975 referendum question?
'Do you think that the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community (the Common Market)?'
20What were the 1975 referendum results?
Yes: 17m; 68.3%
No: 8m; 32.5%
2:1 in favour of 'yes'
21Who was Richard Nixon?
37th (Republican) POTUS 1969-74; resigned after the Watergate Scandal, he did improve US relations with China and the Soviet Union
22Who was Gerald Ford?
38th POTUS 1974-77; helped and hurt the economic and political problems.
23Jimmy Carter
39th (Democrat) POTUS 1977-81
24Who was Henry Kissinger?
US Sec. of State
25What was Kissinger's view of Heath's Atlantic Alliance approach?
'Unsentimentality totally at variance with "the special relationship"'
26What was the relationship like between Heath and Nixon?
Congenial relationship; Heath was more supportive of Vietnam than Wilson
27When and what was the Yom Kippur War
Oct 1973, Israel and Arab states (Egypt and Syria)
28How was there a Cold War element to the Yom Kippur War?
US supports Israel; USSR supports Arab states
29How is the U.S. frustrated by Britain during Yom Kippur?
Britain joins refusal of US NATO bases in Europe
30What was the relationship between Callaghan and Kissinger?
Congenial relationship
31When was Polaris replaced with Trident?
Negotiated 1979
32How did the U.S. react to British withdrawal from the Middle East?
Discontent; wants allied troops to remain to avoid 'domino' of communism
33When and what was the détente?
Easing of hostility between nations; happened after Cuban Missile Crisis esp.
34When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
October 14-28, 1962
35When and what was the Georgi Markov affair?
Bulgarian defector and communist critic; assassinated in London in 1978, supposedly by the KGB
36When and how did Nixon thaw cold relations with China?
Announced July 1971, effective Feb 1972 with meeting with Mao Zedong
37When and how did UK thaw cold relations with China?
Heath visits in March 1972
38What was Heath's relationship with China?
Visited often 1974<; awarded 'People's Friendship Envoy'
39When and what was Hua Guofeng's European tour? What was its significance?
Oct 1979, Chinese Premier visits UK for first time since communist revolution in 1949
40What was Conservative opinion of the situation in Rhodesia?
Right-wing govt sympathetic to regime
41When and what was the Bush War?
1972, Rhodesian civil war funded by USSR
42Who were the nationalist leaders of the Bush War?
Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo
43When and what was the Kissinger Plan?
1976, a failed attempt of US to solve Rhodesian conflict
44When and what was Callaghan's Geneva Conf.?
1976, another failed attempt to solve Rhodesian conflict
45What was the Monday Club?
An anti-immigration faction of the Conservative party in the 1970s
46When and what was the Bush War?
1964-79, a nationalist conflict in Rhodesia funded by the Soviet Union
47When and what was the Kissinger Plan?
1976, a plan made by Callaghan with Henry Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, involving U.S. in the Rhodesia issue; it failed
48When and what was the Callaghan Geneva Conference?
1976, another failed attempt at solving the Rhodesia issue
49How did the UK interact with South Africa during the 1970s?
Resumed arms trade and cooperated navally, across both govts
50When and what was the Yom Kippur War?
This was a war fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during Yom Kippur. U.S. support for Israel during the war led to OPEC raising oil prices, creating an energy crisis.
51When and what was SALT?
1972, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, leading to caps on number of weapons a state could develop
52When and what was the Helsinki Final Act?
1975, recognised political borders to avoid dispute over them
53When and what was the Georgi Markov affair?
1978, outspoken in critic of the Bulgarian communist regime was assassinated in London, supposedly by the KGB with a poisonous pellet from an umbrella
54When did Nixon begin to thaw Chinese relations?
1971, arranging meetings in February of 1972 with Mao Zedong
55How did Heath follow the footsteps of the U.S. regarding China?
Arranging a meeting with China in March 1972
56How did Heath successfully get a good relationship with China?
Made visits from 1974< and was awarded the 'People's Friendship Envoy,' the highest possible honour given to a foreigner
57Who visited the UK in October 1979?
Chinese Premier Hua Guofreng, for the first time since the Communist revolution
58What was the Soviet Invasion of 1979?
A Soviet attempt to prop up a communist regime in this Afghanistan, with the USSR violating limits established in 1945