1What is the difference between TCP and UDP
TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery, while UDP is connectionless and doesn't gaurantee delivery
2What is the TCP three-way handshake?
SYN -> SYN-ACK -> ACK
3What is the difference between a TCP SYN scan and a connect scan?
A SYN scan uses a partial handshake, a connect scan completes the TCP handshake
4What is a digital certificate?
A digitally signed document that binds an identity to a public key.
5What is a Certificate Authority (CA)?
A trusted entity that validates identities or domain control and signs certificates
6How does a browser validate a TLS certificate?
It checks the trust chain, signatures, hostname, expiration, and certificate constraints.
7What is the purpose of certificates in TLS?
To authenticate the server so the client can securely establish encrypted communication.
8Q: What do open, closed, and filtered ports mean?
A: Open = accepting connections; closed = reachable but not listening; filtered = blocked or obscured by filtering.
9What is symmetric encryption
A: Encryption that uses the same shared secret key for encryption and decryption.
10Q: What is asymmetric cryptography?
A: Cryptography using a public/private key pair for operations like signatures and key exchange.
11Q: What is the difference between encryption and hashing?
Encryption is reversible with a key, while hashing produces a one way digest
12What is salting in password hashing
A: Adding a unique random value to each password before hashing to prevent identical hashes and precomputed attacks.