Ethics Midterm 1

Ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves, or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively.

Information relating, or traceable, to an individual person (usernames, ID numbers, email addresses, phone numbers, images, videos, etc.)

Process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person, or for disclosing personal information (when a business informs a person about what data they collect, the person can
make a decision whether to interact with that business.).

Collection of personal information without the person’s knowledge (witholding consent, depends on knowledge that info is being gathered).

Using someone’s personal information for a purpose other than the one for which they supplied it (ex: using text messages to prosecute someone for a crime)

Freedom from intrusion – being left alone
Control of information about oneself
Freedom from surveillance (followed, tracked, watched, eavesdropped)

The protection of offensive and/or controversial speech and ideas

Spoken and written words, pictures, art, and other forms of expression

The power of the government, not individuals or private businesses

Print media, broadcast (TVadio), Common Carriers (telephone, telegraph, postal system)

More freedom of speech than TV and radio broadcasters (web does not fit into three traditional categories)

Revised Communications Act of 1934, removed restrictions on services that telecommunications companies can provide, service providers are not publishers of information provided by others

Obscene material (sexual/excretory acts whose depiction is prohibited by state law, depicted in a patently offensive manner appealing to prurient interests as judged by a reasonable person using community standards, no serious literary, artistic, social, political, or scientific value

Unsolicited bulk email (or text messages, tweets, and phone calls)

Spam must have valid mail header info
Deceptive subject lines are prohibited
Auto dialer can’t be used to send spam to mobile phones

Collection of proposals for restrictions on how telecom companies interact with their broadband customers and how they charge for services

Any product of the human intellect that the law protects from unauthorized use by others.

Patent (Federal)
Copyright (Federal)
Trademark (State)
Trade secrets (State)

Did not recognize IP rights (general rule of law is, that the noblest of human productions—knowledge, truths ascertained, conceptions, and ideas—become, after voluntary communication to others, as free as the air to common use)

Legal concept that defines rights to certain kinds of intellectual property. (protects the intangible creative work – not its particular physical form)

Subject to civil/criminal penalties (bars pay for music that they play, moviemakers pay for the right to a book)

Author can transfer copyright to a publisher
Copyrights last for limited amount of time (70 yrs + lifetime of author)
Movie copyrighted 95 years

Allows uses of copyright material that contribute to the creation of new work (such as quotes) and uses that are not likely to deprive authors or publishers of income for their work (do not require copyright holder permission)

Is it commercial or educational, does it transform the work into something new or just copy it?
Nature of the copyrighted work. You have more leeway to copy from biographies than you do from fictional works such as plays or novels.
The size and the significance of the portion used.
The effect on the potential market for the copyrighted work.

A collection of techniques that access to and use of Intellectual Property in digital formats. (means you can only read a protected book on a Kindle (or device running a Kindle app) linked to your Amazon account)

May prevent extraction of small excerpts for use in reviews and a new work.
Can’t view protected works on old or incompatible machines.
You give a book away, you can’t give away a DRM protected work

Prohibits the circumvention of access controls and copy-protection systems implemented by copyright owners in intellectual property (can’t make, distribute, or use tools (devices, software, or services) to circumvent DRM systems)

Protect websites and social media companies from lawsuits and criminal charges for copyright infringement when users post infringing material.

An idea, an ethic, supported by a collection of software programmers who allow and encourage people to copy, use, and modify their software. (Firefox, Audacity, FileZilla, Eclipse) When the source code is made available to the public, it is called “open source”.

Commercial software

Started by the GNU project (Unix operating system which is publicly available), the developer copyrights the program and releases it under an agreement that allows people to use, modify, and distribute it only if they apply the same agreement to their releases (code taken from copyleft program cannot be sold) (GNU General Public License)

Reduces employment in specific areas for a short time.
Computer technology does not cause mass unemployment.
Even if technology does generate more jobs than it eliminates, in many cases, those that lose their jobs don’t care.

Social problems arise when a lot of people lose their jobs at the same time.
This opens opportunities for people who provide retraining

Most jobs related to building, selling, and repairing typewriters.
Most (but not all!) telephone switchboard operator jobs have gone away
ATM’s caused the number of bank tellers to decrease by 37%
Online reservations caused many travel agencies to close
Electric meter reader jobs significantly reduced due to smart meters
Self-service checkout reduced the number of Walmart employees needed
Digital cameras significantly reduced film processors

Reduction in the resources/cost needed to accomplish a result
Increase in productivity
Increase accuracy
Increase in standard of living
Human labor is a resource
Tech reduces number of workers required to carry out a task
Lost jobs come with an increase in worker productivity

Protect inventions by giving the inventor a monopoly for a specified period of time (different than copyrights in that they protect the invention, not just a particular
expression or implementation of it)

Things that cannot be patented:
▸ Laws of nature & mathematical formulas
▸ An invention or method that is so obvious that anyone could figure it out.

A process or a method, like a new way to do something. For example, a patent was granted to a
company who invented a new way to clean gun bores.
An "article of manufacture" — a thing made by machine or by hand. An article of manufacture can be
something sold to consumers (a new kind of soap, for example) or to businesses (a new type of copier).
A design, like the design of a new kind of computer mouse, can also be patented.
A composition of matter, for example, a chemical mixture or ingredients, like a new drug.
A plant, that is, a natural growing thing discovered or invented through asexual reproduction; for
example, a new hybrid lily.
An internet algorithm or an app. You can also file a patent for something you create for the internet, like
an application or program.

It already exists or has been sold/it was already patented