1What is the mathematical system of locating positions based on the standard datum and Geographic and Plane Coordinates (GPC)?
Coordinate System
2What system consists of an X and Y value located within a 2 or more-dimensional space for defining location?
Coordinate System
3What system is used to define the location of objects on the Earth by accounting for the Earth's round shape and curvature?
Coordinate Reference System (CRS)
4What are the two common types of coordinate systems used in GIS Mapping?
Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) and Projected Coordinate System
5What coordinate system is a global or spherical coordinate system expressed in angles of latitude and longitude (ϕ, λ)?
Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)
6What coordinate system is also called the unprojected coordinate system?
Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)
7What coordinate system is defined on a flat 2D surface and projected on a map using a certain type of map projection?
Projected Coordinate System
8What coordinate system is based on a geographic coordinate system based on an ellipsoid or spheroid?
Projected Coordinate System
9What types of map projection can be used by a Projected Coordinate System according to the lesson?
Cylindrical, conic, azimuthal, and polar
10Why is it critical to understand the coordinate system used by data when working with data stored in many coordinate systems?
Data from the same place stored in separate coordinate reference systems will not line up in GIS or other mapping tools unless on-the-fly projection is enabled
11What GIS programs are specifically mentioned as enabling on-the-fly projection?
ArcGIS and QGIS
12What coordinate format uses X, Y, and Z?
Cartesian coordinate system
13What coordinate format uses ρ, θ, and α?
Polar (spherical) coordinate system
14What coordinate format uses λ, φ, and h?
Ellipsoidal (geodetic) coordinate system
15What coordinate format uses Λ, Φ, and H?
Astronomic (mapping) coordinate system
16What coordinate format uses E, N, and h?
Projected (mapping) coordinate system
17What coordinates express the complete horizontal position of reference points in geographic or geodetic and rectangular grid or projected coordinates?
Geographic and Plane Coordinates (GPC)
18What two types of coordinates collectively make up the Geographic and Plane Coordinates (GPC)?
Geographic or geodetic coordinates and rectangular grid or projected coordinates
19What coordinates express position using latitude and longitude?
Geographic or geodetic coordinates
20What coordinates express position using northing and easting?
Rectangular grid or projected coordinates
21To what coordinate reference system shall the coordinates of reference points in all cases in the Philippines be referred?
PRS92
22What section of DAO 2007-29 states that the coordinates of reference points in the Philippines shall be referred to PRS92?
Section 23, DAO 2007-29
23What is the level surface which at every point is perpendicular to the direction of gravity and is used as reference for position and elevation?
Datum
24What type of datum is used as reference for the position on the Earth's surface?
Horizontal Datum
25What type of datum is used as reference for the elevation of points?
Vertical Datum
26What datum refers to the Triangulation Station Balanacan located in Marinduque Province?
Luzon 1911 Datum
27Where is the Luzon 1911 Datum located?
Triangulation Station Balanacan, Marinduque Province
28What are the coordinates of the Balanacan Datum Station under the Luzon 1911 Datum?
Latitude = N 13° 33′ 41.000″; Longitude = E 121° 52′ 03.000″
29What datum refers to the modified Luzon 1911 Datum adopted as the datum for PRS92?
PRS92 Datum
30What datum shall be the sole datum used in all surveys and mapping in the country upon full implementation of PRS92?
PRS92 Datum (adjusted Luzon 1911 Datum)
31What spheroid is used by the PRS92 Datum?
Clarke 1866
32What is the geoid-spheroid separation of the PRS92 Datum?
0.34 meters
33What are the PRS92 Datum coordinates given in the lesson?
Latitude = 13° 33′ 41.000″ N; Longitude = 121° 52′ 03.000″ E
34What coordinate system is also known as the “floating” reference system?
Local Plane Coordinate System (LPCS)
35What coordinate system refers surveys to location monuments with no definite geodetic positions and no subsequent adjustment to the basic geodetic control network?
Local Plane Coordinate System (LPCS)
36What coordinate system establishes reference points as the need arises per survey project, locality, or municipality?
Local Plane Coordinate System (LPCS)
37What coordinate system only has relative positions among control points known?
Local Plane Coordinate System (LPCS)
38What coordinate system may be established for Public Land Subdivision, Group Settlement, and Townsites?
Local Plane Coordinate System (LPCS)
39What coordinate system is also known as the Philippine Transverse Mercator (PTM) and is based on the Luzon 1911 Datum?
Philippine Plane Coordinate System (PPCS)/Luzon 1911
40What coordinate system was adopted pursuant to Lands Circular No. 64 dated June 30, 1965?
Philippine Plane Coordinate System (PPCS)
41What coordinate system was mandated for all subsequent cadastral surveys under Lands Circular No. 64?
Philippine Plane Coordinate System (PPCS)
42What spheroid is used by PPCS/Luzon 1911?
Clarke 1866
43What projection is used by PPCS/Luzon 1911?
Transverse Mercator
44What is the zone width of PPCS/Luzon 1911?
Two degrees net width
45What is the point of origin of PPCS/Luzon 1911?
Intersection of the Equator and the Central Meridian of each zone
46What is the Northing at the point of origin of PPCS/Luzon 1911?
0 meter
47What is the Easting at the point of origin of PPCS/Luzon 1911?
500,000 meters
48What is the scale factor at the Central Meridian of PPCS/Luzon 1911?
0.99995
49What plane coordinate system is referred to the modified Luzon 1911 Datum known as PRS92?
PPCS/PRS92
50What coordinate system replaced PPCS/Luzon 1911 and serves as the standard coordinate system for all surveys in the country?
PPCS/PRS92
51What executive order is cited as the basis for PRS92 serving as the standard coordinate system for all surveys in the country?
Executive Order No. 45, series of 1993, as amended
52What spheroid is used by PPCS/PRS92?
Clarke 1866
53What is the geoidal separation of PPCS/PRS92?
0.34 m
54What projection is used by PPCS/PRS92?
Philippine Transverse Mercator with five zones
55What is the point of origin of PPCS/PRS92?
Intersection of the Equator and the Central Meridian of each zone
56What is the false Northing of PPCS/PRS92?
0 meters
57What is the false Easting of PPCS/PRS92?
500,000 meters
58What is the scale factor at the Central Meridian of PPCS/PRS92?
0.99995
59What is the mathematical procedure used to accurately map the curved surface of the Earth onto a plane?
Map Projection
60What analogy is used in the lesson to explain map projection?
Peeling an orange
61Why can map projection never be done without distortion?
The curved surface of the Earth is being mapped onto a plane
62What projection places a cone over a globe with the cone and globe meeting along a latitude line?
Conic (Tangent)
63What is the latitude line where a tangent cone and globe meet called?
Standard parallel
64What happens to the cone in a Conic (Tangent) projection after it is placed over the globe?
It is cut along the line of longitude opposite the central meridian and flattened into a plane
65What conic projection places a cone over a globe so that it cuts through the surface?
Conic (Secant)
66What are the two latitude lines where a secant cone and globe meet called?
Standard parallels
67What conic projection is listed separately in the lesson after Conic (Tangent) and Conic (Secant)?
Lambert Conformal Conic
68What projection uses a cylinder placed over a globe?
Cylindrical projection
69In a cylindrical projection, what can the cylinder touch along a line of latitude?
Normal case
70In a cylindrical projection, what can the cylinder touch along a line of longitude?
Transverse case
71In a cylindrical projection, what is the case when the cylinder touches along another line?
Oblique case
72What famous cylindrical projection was created by Geradus Mercator in 1569?
Mercator
73What projection uses a plane placed over a globe?
Planar projection
74In a planar projection, what is the case when the plane touches the globe at the pole?
Polar case
75In a planar projection, what is the case when the plane touches the globe at the equator?
Equatorial case
76In a planar projection, what is the case when the plane touches the globe at another line?
Oblique case
77What azimuthal projection is conformal and was created before 150 AD?
Stereographic
78Where is Stereographic projection best used according to the lesson?
Areas over the Poles or for small scale continental mapping
79What conic projection is conformal and was created in 1772?
Lambert Conformal Conic
80Where is Lambert Conformal Conic best used?
Mid-latitudes such as USA, Europe, and Australia
81What cylindrical projection is conformal and provides true direction and was created in 1569?
Mercator
82Where is Mercator best used?
Areas around the Equator and for marine navigation
83What pseudo-cylindrical projection distorts all attributes to create a “more pleasant” appearance?
Robinson
84When was Robinson projection created according to the lesson?
1963
85Where is Robinson projection best used?
Areas around the Equator
86What cylindrical conformal projection was created in 1772 and is best used for areas with a north-south orientation?
Transverse Mercator
87What type of map projection is Transverse Mercator?
Conformal
88What happens to distortion in terms of area and shape when near the central meridian in Transverse Mercator?
Less distortion is introduced
89What characteristics are maintained at infinitesimal scale in Transverse Mercator?
Angles and shapes
90When are distances accurate along the central meridian in Transverse Mercator?
When the scale factor is 1.0
91Why is Transverse Mercator appropriate for the Philippines?
It is appropriate for mapping large-scale or smaller areas with predominantly north-south trending extents
92What projection type is used by PPCS and PRS92 to map out grid coordinates?
Transverse Mercator
93How many projection zones does PPCS and PRS92 have?
Five
94What is the net width of each PPCS/PRS92 projection zone?
2°
95Why are the five PPCS/PRS92 zones used?
Dividing the Philippines into five zones produces lesser distortion
96What is the slight modification of the Universal Transverse Mercator projection used by PPCS and PRS92 called?
Philippine Transverse Mercator (PTM)
97What is the central meridian of PRS92 Zone I?
117°
98What is the extent of PRS92 Zone I?
116°00′ to 118°30′
99What is the central meridian of PRS92 Zone II?
119°
100What is the extent of PRS92 Zone II?
117°30′ to 120°30′
101What is the central meridian of PRS92 Zone III?
121°
102What is the extent of PRS92 Zone III?
119°30′ to 122°30′
103What is the central meridian of PRS92 Zone IV?
123°
104What is the extent of PRS92 Zone IV?
121°30′ to 124°30′
105What is the central meridian of PRS92 Zone V?
125°
106What is the extent of PRS92 Zone V?
123°30′ to 127°00′
107What plane coordinate grid system is named for the map projection on which it is based, Transverse Mercator?
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
108How many zones does the UTM system consist of?
60 zones
109What is the longitude width of each UTM zone?
6 degrees
110Which UTM zone contains the majority of the Philippine islands?
Zone 51
111What is the central meridian of UTM Zone 50 in the Philippines?
117°
112What is the longitude coverage of UTM Zone 50 in the Philippines?
114°–120°
113Which Philippine areas are listed under UTM Zone 50?
Palawan and Western Pangasinan
114What is the central meridian of UTM Zone 51 in the Philippines?
123°
115What is the longitude coverage of UTM Zone 51 in the Philippines?
120°–126°
116Which UTM zone contains the majority of the Philippine Islands?
Zone 51
117What is the central meridian of UTM Zone 52 in the Philippines?
129°
118What is the longitude coverage of UTM Zone 52 in the Philippines?
126°–132°
119What Philippine areas are listed under UTM Zone 52?
Portions of eastern Mindanao such as Gingo-og, Tandag, Bislig, Caraga, and Mati
120What projection type is used by both UTM and PTM?
Transverse Mercator
121What is the projection origin of UTM?
Intersection of the Equator and Central Meridian; False N = 0, False E = 500,000
122What is the projection origin of PTM?
Intersection of the Equator and Central Meridian; False N = 0, False E = 500,000
123How many zones does UTM have?
60 zones
124How many zones does PTM have?
5 zones exclusive for the Philippines
125What is the zone width of UTM?
6 degrees net width
126What is the zone width of PTM?
2 degrees net width
127What is the central meridian scale factor of UTM?
0.9996
128What is the central meridian scale factor of PTM?
0.99995
129What ellipsoid does UTM use?
WGS84
130What ellipsoid does PTM use?
Clarke 1866
131What is another name for the scale factor?
K factor or projection factor
132What does the scale factor convert?
Ellipsoidal lengths or geodetic distances to map projection or grid distances, and vice versa
133Why is a scale factor needed when converting geodetic distance to grid distance?
The curve is flattened, introducing a reduction or enlargement factor
134What does multiplying geodetic length by the appropriate scale factor produce?
Grid length
135What operation brings grid length back to geodetic length?
Multiplication by the inverse of the same scale factor
136What are the two methods mentioned for converting PRS92 geographic coordinates to grid coordinates and vice versa?
Using the PTM Table or using the PTM projection formulas
137What coordinate conversion method uses interpolation and Technical Bulletin No. 26?
PTM Table method
138What coordinate conversion method is described as a slight modification of UTM projection formulas without using the PTM Table?
PTM projection formulas
139Which coordinate conversion method is skipped in the lesson because it will be discussed in higher subjects?
PTM projection formulas
140What is the direction of conversion represented by (φ, λ) → (N, E)?
Geographic to Grid
141What is the direction of conversion represented by (N, E) → (φ, λ)?
Grid to Geographic
142What is the formula for grid Northing in the PTM Table method?
N = (I) + (II)p² + (III)p⁴
143What is the formula for grid Easting in the PTM Table method?
E = (IV)p + (V)p³ + (VI)p⁵ + 500,000
144What is the value added to the Easting equation as the false easting of the origin?
500,000 meters
145What is p in the Geographic-to-Grid conversion?
p = 0.0001 × Δλ″
146What does Δλ″ represent?
Difference in longitude in seconds of arc from the zone central meridian
147What do I, II, III, IV, V, and VI represent in the Geographic-to-Grid conversion?
Arbitrary variables taken from the PTM Table
148What must students perform to obtain the desired values of the arbitrary variables in the PTM Table?
Necessary interpolations
149What is the grid Northing of station LYT-3119 obtained in the lesson example?
1,188,743.925 m
150What is the grid Easting of station LYT-3119 obtained in the lesson example?
477,013.614 m
151What is the central meridian of Zone V used in the LYT-3119 example?
125°
152What does LYT represent in the LYT-3119 example?
Provincial code of control points in Leyte
153What is the equation for Δλ″ in the Geographic-to-Grid conversion?
Δλ″ = λ − λCM
154What is the formula for q in the Grid-to-Geographic conversion?
q = 0.000001(E − 500,000)
155What is the formula for latitude in the Grid-to-Geographic conversion?
φ = [φ′ × 3600 − (VII)q² + (VIII)q⁴] / 3600
156What is the formula for longitude in the Grid-to-Geographic conversion?
λ = [(IX)q − (X)q³ + (XI)q⁵] / 3600 + λCM
157What is φ′ in the Grid-to-Geographic conversion?
Footprint latitude
158What is footprint latitude?
The latitude at the central meridian which has the same Northings (N) coordinate of the point
159What does φ′ usually correspond to when using the PTM Table?
φ1
160What are VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI?
Interpolated values based on the PTM Table
161What is the method used to solve φ′ when using the PTM Table and difference in 1″?
Interpolation using the difference in 1″
162What is φA in solving φ′ using difference in 1″?
The corresponding latitude of the Northings found in the PTM Table, next lower to the given Northings
163What is Nφ in solving φ′?
Given grid Northings of the point
164What is Npreceding latitude in solving φ′?
The next lower Northings of the given Northings found in the PTM Table
165What is Diff. in 1″φ?
Corresponding length in 1″ of arc at the given latitude interpolated from the PTM Table
166What is the alternative method for solving φ′ when not using the difference in 1″ method?
Projection formula
167What is μ in the projection formula for φ′?
Rectifying latitude
168What unit is μ expressed in?
Radians
169What is M in the projection formula?
M = M0 + N/k0
170What is M0 for the northern hemisphere?
0
171What is M0 for the southern hemisphere?
10,000,000
172What is k0 in the projection formula?
0.99995
173What is e1 in the projection formula?
[1 − √(1 − e²)] / [1 + √(1 − e²)]
174What is the geographic latitude obtained for LYT-3119 in the Grid-to-Geographic example?
10°45′1.86674″ N
175What is the geographic longitude obtained for LYT-3119 in the Grid-to-Geographic example?
124°47′23.41620″ E
176What additional step is required when φ′ is not given?
Solve φ′ first using the given Northings and the PTM Table
177What column in the PTM Table contains the Northings of the latitude at every 1′ arc of latitude?
Column I
178What Northing values bracket the given Northing in the LYT-3119 example?
1,188,678.710 and 1,190,522.057
179What latitudes correspond to the Northing values 1,188,678.710 and 1,190,522.057 in the example?
10°45′ and 10°46′
180What must be done after solving φ′ when it is not initially given?
Return to the PTM Table, obtain VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI, interpolate them, and proceed with the conversion
181What is the third element of a three-dimensional geographic coordinate?
Ellipsoidal height
182What is the third element associated with projected coordinates according to the lesson?
Elevation
183What is the ellipsoidal height represented by?
h
184What is important about ellipsoidal height when transforming coordinates from datum-to-datum?
It is necessary
185What type of transformation is given as an example requiring ellipsoidal height?
Transforming PRS92 geographic coordinates into WGS84 geographic coordinates
186What happens to the third element when using projected coordinates in the lesson's discussion?
It is not necessary for the projected coordinates
187What happens to ellipsoidal height when converting between geographic and grid coordinates according to the lesson?
The grid coordinates (N, E) carry the same ellipsoidal height (h) as the geographic coordinates and vice versa
188What is the purpose of the coordinate conversion assessment involving station GALLO?
Determine its grid coordinates from geographic coordinates
189What is the purpose of the coordinate conversion assessment involving station ENGAÑOSO?
Determine its geographic coordinates using interpolation
190What zone is specified for station ENGAÑOSO in the assessment?
Zone IV
191What additional information is given for the GALLO-to-PRS92 assessment?
Elevation of 985.32 m