1What is the perisinusoidal space?
Space between the sinusoid and the hepatocyte
2What is another name for the perisinusoidal space?
Space of Disse
3What is the Glisson’s capsule?
Fibrous capsule that surround the liver
4What are kupffer cells and what are their functions?
Macrophage cells that have immune functions; Clear debris, phagocytose foreign pathogens
5What are hepatic stellate cells and what are their functions?
Modified fibroblasts involved in fibrogenesis; Stores vitamin A; Responsible for fibrosis causes type I collagenn to be deposited instead of type III collagen
6What enzyme digests glycogen and is responsible for the staining seen in the liver?
Diastase- PAS - stain
7Where are heptic stellate cells found?
In the perisinusoidal space
8Describe the structure of a heptaic lobule.
Each lobule has six acini; Central vein is at its centre and is surround by portal triad
9What does periportal mean?
Zone 1 of the liver acinus
10What does pericentral mean?
Zone three of the liver acinus closest to the central vein
11Which zone of the liver is the most oxygen rich and which zone is the least?
Zone one is oxygen rich; Zone three is oxygen poor
12What five general responses are seen in heptic injuries?
Degeneration and intracellular accumulation; Necrosis and Apoptosis; Inflammation; Regeneration; Fibrosis
13What is ballooning degeneration?
Ballooning of the heptocytes due to accumulation of water in them; Causes hepatocytes to have a pale cytoplasm
14What is foamy degeneration?
Biliary deposits which cause a foamy swollen appearance of the hepatocytes
15What is the definition of steatosis?
Accumulation of circular fatty droplets within the hepatocytic cytoplasm
16What are some causes of steatosis?
Non fatty liver disease; Alcoholic liver disease; Drugs; Viral Hepatitis C
17What is the histological difference between ballooning and steatosis?
In steatosis clear peripheries are seen but in ballooning peipheries are irregular
18What are councilman Bodies?
Eosinophilic glucbules with a fragmented nucleus which shows a hepatocyte undergoing necrosis
19What is spotty necrosis?
Cell death of individual hepatocytes in a cluster
20What is confluent necrosis and what is it a sign of?
Severity in acute or active hepatitis
21What sort of inflammatory cells are seen in acute hepatitis?
Nuetrophils; Macrophages
22How does the liver regenerate?
Usually via proliferation of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes
23How do regenerating hepatocytes appear histologically?
Nuclei are darker stained because chromosomes are condensed as cell is in mitosis
24What is the definition of hepatitis?
Inflammation of the liver
25What is the histological difference between acute hepatitis and chronic hepatitis?
In acute viral hepatits inflammation is scattered throughout the lobule and portal tract - spotty necrosis; In chronic viral hepatitis inflammation is mainly in the portal tracts
26What is interface inflammation?
Inflammation at the interface between portal tracts and the liver parenchyma, where inflammatory cells extend across the limiting plate and damage periportal hepatocytes
27What causes fibrous tissue to form?
Response to inflammation
28What is cirrhosis?
Permanent scarring of the liver
29What are the three charcteristics in which cirrhosis is defined?
Bridging fibrous septa; Parenchymal nodules; Disruption of the liver architecture
30What is bridging necrosis?
Necrosis that spreads from the central vein to the portal tract
31What is canalicular cholestasis?
Impairment of bile flow in the cannaliculi
32What does grade refer to?
Severity of the inflammation of the liver
33What does stage refer to?
Severity of the fibrosis of the liver
34What are some causes of cannalicular cholestasis?
Malignancy; Gallstones; Primary bilairy cirrhosis
35What increases the risk for cholangiocarcinoma?
mutation in KRAS gene