1Define health
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
2What's a communicable disease
can be transmitted from one person to another
3What's a non-communicable disease?
disease that isn't transferred between people
4How can immune system issues affect you?
means you are more likely to suffer from another infection
5How can viruses affect you?
They can trigger cancer
6How can pathos affect you?
Trigger an allergy e.g. asthma
7How can poor physical health affect you?
Can lead to mental illness
8Define pathogen
disease causing organism
9Give examples of pathogens
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protists
10What is cholera?
A disease that causes fatal diarrhea and dehydration
11What is tuberculosis?
Bacterial infection of the lungs
12What is chalara ash dieback?
A fungus that infects ash trees
13What is malaria?
A disease the causes damage to the blood and liver
14What is HIV?
HIV is a virus that affects the immune system and eventually causes AIDS
15How is cholera spread?
contaminated water
16How can cholera be prevented?
Making sure people have access to clean water supplies, and the sterilisation of water
17How is tuberculosis spread?
airborne
18How can tuberculosis be prevented?
Infected people should avoid crowded spaces, practise good hygiene and sleep alone. Their homes should be well-ventilated.
19How is chalara ash dieback spread?
Carried through the air by the wind
20How can chalara ash dieback be prevented?
Removing young, infected ash trees and restricting the import or movement of ash trees
21How is malaria spread?
Female mosquito's bite
22How can malaria be prevented?
Protective clothing, nets around a bed, and insect repellants.
23How is chlamydia spread?
sexual contact
24How can chlamydia be prevented?
screening programs (identify, treat, cure)
free testing kits
barrier contraceptives
25How is HIV spread?
Sexual contact, or exchange of body fluids such as blood when drug users share needles.
26How can HIV be prevented?
Use barrier contraceptives, do not share needles
27What prevents disease in the body?
Physical and chemical barriers
28What physical barriers are there in the body?
Skin
Mucus
Cilia
29How does cilia and mucus help protect the body from disease?
it traps bacteria and viruses
30What chemical defences are there in the body?
lysozyme in salvia and tears
hydrochloric acid in the stomach
31What does the immune system do?
protects body from disease and infection
1. exposure to pathogen
2. antigens trigger an immune system response which causes the production of antibodies
2. the antigens also trigger production of memory lymphocytes
32What is immunisation (vaccination)?
Receiving a weak or inactive pathogen so that the body fights it and produces memory cells
33Why are memory cells important?
They are able to remember the information about the specific antigen and the lymphocyte is able respond faster and stronger the next time they come across their specific antigen
34How do antibiotics work?
They block the growth and reproduction of bacteria
35Why can antibiotics not be used to treat viruses?
Because viruses live and reproduce inside our cells, so you would have to destroy the host cell first
36How are new medicines developed?
They go through preclinical and clinical testing processes
37What is the first stage of medicine development?
Preclinical drug trials: The medicine is tested using computer software and on a sample of cells in a lab
38What's the second stage of medicine development?
Animal trials: The medicine is tested on animals to find any potential side effects
39What's the final stage of medicine development?
Human clinical trials: the medicine is tested on healthy volunteers to check safety and then tested on those with the illness. Low doses initially
40How are non-communicable diseases caused?
Lifestyle
41Give some examples of non-communicable diseases
Cancer
Diabetes
Cardiovascular diseases
Lung diseases
42How to calculate BMI
weight (kg) / height (m2)
43How is type 2 diabetes caused?
Poor diet, lack of exercise, sedentary lifestyle
44How is liver cirrhosis caused?
Alcohol
45How is lung disease caused?
Smoking
46What is type 2 diabetes?
When blood sugars can't regulate themselves
47What is liver cirrhosis?
Normal liver tissue replaced by scar tissue and stops removing toxins
48How to treat cardio-vascular disease
life-long medication
surgical procedures
lifestyle choices
49Pros and cons of life-long medicine to treat cardiovascular disease
pros- lower cholesterol in the blood and could help against Alzheimers
cons-side effects of memory loss and headaches and links to diabetes and liver damage
50Pros and cons of surgical procedures to treat cardiovascular disease
pros- stents and heart transplant. can be used when drugs are less effective
cons- risks with the operations such as blood loss and hard to find donors
51Pros and cons of lifestyle changes to treat cardiovascular disease
pros- no high risks
cons- requires effort, only effective if the case isn't too severe