Immuno Lab (Part 1/3)

measues of antibody binding strength; important characteristic of immune response

the strength of a single antibody-antigen interaction.

the total strength of all interactions between an antibody and an anitgen.

Avidity

# of binding sites and structural arrangements

2 binding sites

10 binding sites

IgG; it has high affinity

measure of how well a test can correctly identify those with antibodies; true positive

test's ability to identify those without the antibodies (true negative)

SHARPS,
BIOHAZARDS
TRACE CHEMO
RCRA HAZARD
PHARMACEUTICAL
RADIOACTIVE

primary and secondary syphillius; Dark-field microscopy and fluorescent anti-body testing!

Treponema pallidium <- bacteria

a microscopy technique where a specimen appears bright against a dark background aka a dark condensor is used to keep all incidental light out of the field except for that captured by the organism itsel.; primary and secondary syphiilis by the presence of T. pallidum in exudates from skin lesions; specimen can dry out!

use of fluorescent-labeled antibody to a conjugate to T. pallidum or antibody specific to T. pallidum and a second labeled anti-immunoglobulin antibody.

patient may have secondary or tertiary syphilis.

if there's presence of an antibody (reagin) that forms against cardiolipin, a lipid material released in damaged cells.

A lipid material released in damaged cells due to the presence of T. pallidum

Flocculation rxns in which patient antibody complexes with cardiolipin antigen

specific type of precipitation that occurs over a narrow range of antigen concentrations.

Treponemal Test < -- confirmational test

detects antibodies to T. pallidium

it is a modified VDRL test involving macroscopic agglutination.
The cardiolipin-containing antigen suspension is bound to charcoal particles; making the test easier to read.

antibody directed against T. pallidium organism or against specific treponemal antigens.

patients in secondary and latent syphillus.

that individual remains reactive for life.

Yes; used to confirm positivie nontreponemal test results

A confirmatory test used to detect antibodies against T. pallidium
Dilution of heat-inactivated patient serum is incubated with a sorbent consisting of an extract of nonpathogenic treponemes.
-Diluted samples are applied to individual wells on a test slide fixed with the Nichols strain of T. pallidum
-Slide is incubated, washed, and dried, a antibody conjugate is added to each well
-Slides are incubated and washed again and examined under fluorescent microscope, look for strong intesnsity of green to show antibody present.

a confirmatory test used to detect antibodies against Treponema pallidum, the bacteria that causes syphilis.
-test uses colored gelatin particles coated with Treponemal antigens.
-patient serum/plasma is diluted in microtiter plates and incubated with either T. pallidum sensitized gel particles or unsensitized gel particles as a control.
-presence of T. pallidum antibodies in indicated by agglutination of the sensitized gel particles that form a lattice like structure that spreads to form a smooth mat covering the surface well

occurs when antigens are found naturally on a particle. So if agglutination occurs, it indicates presence of patient antibody

-employs particles that are coated with antigens not normally found on their surfaces. So antigen has been affixed or adsorbed to the particle surface. -> a variety of particles, including erythrocytes, latex and others are used for this purpose;
-used to detect antibodies to viruses

antibody rather than antigen is attached to carrier particle . The antibody must stilll be reactive and is joined in such a manner that active sites are facing outward.
-a test that uses antibodies to detect antigens in a sample.

rxns are based on competition between particulate and soluble antigens for limited antibody-combining sites.
-haptens attached to carrier particles. reaction based on inhibition of agglutination due to competition with a soluble antibody.
-lack of agglutination is a POSTITIVE TEST. INDICATING PRESENCE OF PATIENT ANTIBODY.

reactions use the same principle as agglutination inhibition, except RBCs are the indicator particles.
-test used to detect antibodies in certain viruses, RBCs have naturally occurring viral receptors.

Engineering controls - sharps disposal
Work Practice Control - standard precautions
PPE
Medical - hep. B vaccine free of charge
Documentation - annual training.