CCJS

Labor is the biggest, sex after (age as low as 12 for entry)

Gender: Women. less likely to have access to education and familial resources (biased towards the menoys), and may be relied upon to find work. Not paid as much > desperation. MORE LIKELY to experiences forced or child marriage, early marriage and maternal age
Forced movement, war, natural disaster experience
Abuse: Experiecned (physical, sexual, etc., domestic violence), or whitness (e.g. substances)
Smuggling: can turn to trafficking
Poverty and lack of education
Homelessness and runaway status, unstable housing
Identity: minorities, religious, racial, ethnic, sexual, etc.

- In it for profit, largely
- May have been traffickign victims themselves at one point and may still be. Likley to have a criminal history (risk factors for getting into trafficking often mirror trafficking victim profiles, poverty, lack of education, etc.)
- Abuse (experienced or proximity to) history akin to victims
- May operate alone or in groups, otherwise will network
- Mostly men, but women can participate, especially
Traffickers may be similar to their victims: shared background, language, experience, culture, gender
Traffickers often have regular work, although certain careers bias certain trafficking, e.g. medical knowledge for OTC trafficking

may or may not know clients, and may cultivate relationships to better contorl them. May take documents from victims, charge fees for job-seeking, lie about legality, etc. Higher-risk during seasons of high labor demand

Organized. Possibly by plane, but unlikely because of securiy and document scrutiny. More likely to answer questions for a victim, pay for tickets, evade other questions. Buses, trains, taxis are more common because of cash, lack of ID, etc.

Child trafficking victims that become involved themselves are likely to be used to target other kids, etc. Child trafficking is more likely to begin with family, and is more likely to involve boys

Prostitution > engaging in sexual activity in exchange for money
generally women, but not exclusively, and are a growing subset. Many of those in prostitution begin young, around 14-19 years old, younger people have been found in the US, and it may be younger or older. Surveys are difficult and data is incomplete
The work must include force, fraud, and / or coercion to be trafficking, unless they are minors.
RISK FACTORS ARE THE SAME AS GENERAL TRAFFICKING. These factors may also drive people to pimping

Hoke v United States 1913 decreed that it was states’ responsibility to regulate it. Nevada allows for country-level regulation dictating a level of engagement, sex acts, and a fee in various forms are qualifying sex work

German > Legal and regulated like any other service profession. Can be individual or in a brothel. They must meet certain standards and are subject to inspection
Laissez-Faire > Legal but unregulated. Brothels are considered pimping and illegal
Swedish/Nordic > Prostitution is illegal, but purchasers are punished
Prohibitionist > Prostitution and brothels are illegal. Prostitutes and purchasers are both punished, but more likely the prostitute

Criminalization > Prostitution is illegal
Lower human trafficking risk because of penalties but it limits potential economic opportunities, higher risk of violence, exploitation, STD exposure, etc.

Abolition > The purchaser is punished, roughly Swedish
Gives women more choice in their jobs and punishes traffickers more, but restricts ability to screen clients and workers’ access to health/safety protection

Decriminalization > Legal and unregulated, there are no laws about prostitution but no protections
More access to bargaining, health and safety protection, access to the justice system, but potential relative increase in trafficking because of a lack of oversight

Legalization > Legal and regulated, state-enforced
The strength of the state behind all benefits and protections, legal requirements, etc. but it can subject workers to different stigma and penalties