1Humans evolved from:
- monkeys
- prosimians
- apes
- all are correct
2Differentiate between monkeys and apes:
- monkeys have bigger brains
- monkey arms are longer
- monkeys lack tails
- apes have opposing digits on feet only
- apes can fully extend their elbows
3Which of the following species is the most genetically variable?
- humans
- gorillas
- orangutans
- chimpanzees
4Bipedalism produced
- spine pathologies not documented in other primates
- shorter and wider pelvis
- all answers
- a flexible spine
- liberation of arms from locomotion
5Chimps and humans can be similar in:
- thorax shape
- upper and lower limb proportionss
- spine shape
- body weight
- cranial shape
- pelvis shape
- Skull size
6Compared to other primates, the human brain is:
- three times bigger than expected
- all are correct
- seven times bigger than expected
- has a bigger frontal lobe
- expected for human body size
7Compared to apes, the human brain:
- all are correct
- is bigger than expected given human body size
- contains proportionally more cortical neurons
- contains similar absolute neuron values
8In humans:
- our thorax is decoupled from the pelvis during locomotion
- all are wrong
- our legs rotate similarly as apes
- our arms rotate similarly as apes
9In humans:
- swing our arms while walking saves energy
- all are correct
- our quadriceps are more developed than our hamstrings
- there is more muscle on legs than arms
10In humans hands:
- all are correct
- our thumb is more efficient because of its proportional strength
- our thumb is more efficient because of its proportional length
- we can combine efficiently precision and power grips
11Darwin said that:
- all answers are correct
- evolution mostly generates endelss forms gradually
- innovation can occur only through use of body parts
- evolution generates endless forms gradually and non-graduall in similar proportions
12The genetic school of the first thrid of the XXth century declared that:
- it is mutation of genes that creates evolution
- all are correct
- not all of Mendel's inheritance laws are correct
- natural selection is not relevant for evolution
13According to the modern synthesis (Neodarwinism):
- all answers are correct, except the one saying that "all answers are wrong"
- all answers are wrong
- both genetic mutation and natural selection are equally important
- speciation occurs in isolated small populations
- natural selection is restrictive (i.e., not all possible phenotypes are acceptable)
14Genetic drift:
- none of the answers are correct
- is allele frequency variation by chance occurring mostly in small populations
- is similar to genetic flow
- is allele frequency variation by chance occurring mostly in populations regardless of size
15Which of the following is true?
- cladogenesis occurs in gradually evolving species
- stabilizing selection does not exist
- natural selection can disrup Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
- anagenesis implies speciation in evolutionarily static taxa
16Homebox genes:
- control a hierarchy of genes that determine organic development
- are master genes for organic development
- can be exchanged among widely divergent species
- are situated in the genome in the same order as the body modules that they control
- control phenotype
- all are correct
17Heterochrony:
- is a genetically-determined modification of timing, rate or duration of a developmental process in an organism
- is a modification of the spatial occurrence of a body part
- only affects the shape of a body part
- all are correct
18Epigenetics
- produce modifications that can be passed generationally
- speeds up phenotypic modifications
- is a process by which the environment interferes with genetic activation
- all are correct
19Horizontal gene transfer
- it is more common among mammals than among other animals
- speeds functional innovation of features and their selection
- operates under one type of process only
- none is correct
20As primates evolved from African ancestors, humans are:
- Haplorhini-Catarrhine-Hominid
- Strepsirhini-Catarrhine-Hominid
- Strepsirhini-Platyrrhine-Hominid
- Haplorhini-Platyrrhine-Hominid
21Strepsirhini and Haplorhini are differentiated by the following features except one. Spot the wrong one:
- Haplorhini have shorter faces
- Haplorhini have an orbital plate separating the eye from the temporal fossa
- Strepsirhini have two pre-molars
- Haplorhini have fused hemi-mandibles
22Behavioral ecology shows that in primates, the following adaptation produces the largest group size:
- terrestrial-folivorous
- arboreal-frugivorous
- arboreal-folivorous
- terrestrial-frugivorous
23For primates between 5-45 kg which is their main food?
- animal prey
- fruit
- seeds
- leaves
24In primates, males compete for:
- any female
- females and males
- young females
- ovulating females
25Which of the following reproductive strategies is informally the most common among primates?
- polygyny
- monogamy
- polyandry
- ambivalent polygamy
26Sexual dimorphism can be expressed through the following features but one. Which one?
- canine size
- genitalia size
- body size
- secondary characters like skin coloring or cranial sagittal crests
27What is the most common reproductive strategy among most terrestrial primates living in open biomes with high predation?
- polyandry
- polygyny with solitary females
- polygyny in groups of females
- monogamy
28Which answer(s) is(are) right?
- Humans evolved from a Miocene ancestor whose locomotion was knuckle-walking
- Humans evolved from a Miocene ancestor with a short spine
- all answers are right
- Humans evolved from a Miocene ancestor that was adapted to the ground before bipedalism emerged
29Most Miocene apes were:
- like moder napes
- arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds
- all answers are correct
- using brachiation as locomotion
30We inherited from Miocene apes:
- our long spine
- our capability of converting sugar into fat
- all answers are correct
- our capability of metabolizing alcohol
31The habitats of most Miocene apes and the last common ancestor with chimpanzees were:
- montane forests
- equatorial rainforests
- parkland and grasslands
- woodlands and dry tropical forests
32What anatomical features are commonly used to identify a hominin?
- small teeth
- all answers are correct
- bipedalism
- thick dental enamel
33Select what is correct for Ardipithecus ramidus:
- it is the oldest hominin found
- all answers are correct
- it was surely bipedal
- it moved in trees
34What is the "obstetric dilemma"?
- the metabolic limit imposed by gestation
- the unique rotation of human babies during parturition
- the balance between pelvic inlet size and the fetus size
- all answers are correct
35Bipedalism became selected because:
- all answers are correct
- it enabled greater vision
- it regulated body temperature
- it enabled the use of arms for carrying things
36Australopithecines are:
- a group of hominin t axa that combined bipedalism with arborealism
- hominins that had an hexagonal outline of their splanchnocranium
- all correct
- hominins whose intermembral proportions were intermediate between chimps and humans
37Australopithecus afarensis:
- consumed only C3 foods
- was highly sexually dimorphic
- all are correct
- had a brain substantially bigger than chimps
38which is (are) correct for australopithecines?
- they matured as fast as chimps or faster
- they had one socio-reproductive system
- they had only one bipedal locomotyor system
- they had different types of spines
39The Laetoli footprints show:
- that there existed marked differences in body sizes
- that australopithecines feet were used identically to modern humans
- that hominins walked with bent hips and bent knees
- that bipedal locomotion in australopithecines was very similar to modern humans
40The interval between 3 and 2 million years ago creates which of the following evolutionary processes?
- brain enlargement
- dental expansion
- dental reduction
- all answers are correct
41Which of the following statements is correct for the processes operating between 3 and 2 million years ago?
- encephalization was achieved exclusively through a vegetarian diet
- dental reduction occurs only under meat consumption
- dental reduction is not necessarily triggered by meat consumption
- dental reduction occurs parallel to encephalization
42How can early Homo be identified?
- flat face, small teeth, big brain, modern intermembral proportions
- big brain, small teeth, big body
- big brain
- modern body, primitive brain