1What is the first line of defense?
-epidermis (outside)
-mucous membranes of digestive, respiratory, urogenital tract (inside)
2What are the important physicial barriers?
-epidermis
-keratin
-dryness (inhibits microbial growth)
-shedding of skin
-skin assoicated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
3What is SALT?
-skin associated lymphoid tissue
4What are the mucous membrane physical barriers?
-ciliary escalator
-lacrimal apparatus
-saliva
-urine
-vaginal secretions
-sneezing
5What special components in mucus helps trap microbes?
-lysozymes
-lactoperoxidases
6What is MAMPS?
Microbial-assoicated molecular patterns
-term to describe molecules/structures found on the surface of microbes that can be identified by the human immune system
7What are some ex of MAMPS?
-lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
-flagellin
-peptidoglycan
8What is LPS?
-lipopolysaccharide, part of gram negative bacteria outer membrane
-consists of core oligosaccharide (alerts immune system) and lipid A (toxic effects)
9What is peptidoglycan? purpose/interaction with humans?
-makes up outer membrane of bacteria (less potent response than LPS or flagellin)
-contributes to structural integrity of cell (osmotic stress and other challenges)
-interacts with host microbiome helps produces antimicrobial peptides and prevents pathogenic variants from thrieving
10Benefits of petidoglycan fragments?
-promote growth of good bacteria and supress growth of pathogenic bacteria
11What are flagellin? How does immune system view it?
-made of proteins
-enables motility of bacterium
-can activate immune system (TLR receptor) leads to activation of inflammatroy response and immune cells
12What does MALT, why is it important?
Mucosa assoicated lymphoid tissue, initiates immune system when exposed to specific antigens
13What are M cells?
-specialized to take up microbes from intestine
14What happens to antigens or bacteria released by M cells?
-destroyed by macrophages
15What is GALT?
-gut-assoicated lymphoid tissue
16Purpose of peyer's patches in innate immunity?
-aggregated lympohid follices
-induce immune response
-help make up GALT regions
17What body seccretions are antimicrobial?
-salt accumulation on skin from perspiration
-acidic secretions
>skin pH 3-5
>stomach pH 1.2-3
-sebum (fungistatic fatty acid)
18What ceullar excretions are antimicrobial?
-lysozyme
-peroxidases
-lactoferrin and transferrin (bind iron)
-antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
-defensins
19Role of Defensins?
antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that form pores in microbial membranes
20Three components of first line of defense?
-intact skin
-mucous membranes and secretions
-normal microbiota
21What comprises second line of defense?
-phagocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, macrophages)
-inflammation
-fever
-antimicrobial substances
22What two systems make up Innate Immunity?
-first line of defense
-second line of defense
23What is the third line of defense?
Adaptive Immunity system
>specialized lymphocytes: T and B cells
>antibodies
24Where do cells from the immune system derive from?
-Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
25Three potential pathways of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow?
-becomes common myeloid progenitor
-becomes common lymphoic progenitor
-self renews
26What are the three granulocytes of WBCs?
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
27What are mononuclear phagocytes?
-monocytes
-macrophages
-dendritic cells
28Subtypes of lymphocytes?
-B and T cells
29What are PRR's?
pattern recognition receptors detect molecules associated with pathogens
30Where are PRR (pattern recognition receptors) in or on the cell?
cell surface= detects microbial components present in cell surrondings
in phagosomes and endosomes (detect componets of microbes ingested by cell)
in cytoplasm= detect cell damage and microbial componetns in cell's cytoplasm
31What are the potential celluar response to PRR activation?
-movement
-vesicle formation
-secretion of cytokines
-altered metabolism
-change in gene expression
-cell division
-apoptosis
32Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) bind what?
-bind microbial assoicated molecular patterns (MAMPS or PAMPs)
33What specific PRR found in plasma membrane?
-Toll-like receptors (TLR's) bind MAMPs
34Describe two specific PRR (pattern recognition receptors) found in cytosol?
-RLR binds viral RNA and activates interferon response
NOD-like receptors (NLR) bind MAMPS and activate secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
35What do TLR do? where are they found?
Toll like receptors bind MAMPS in plasma membrane
36What do RLR do? where are they found?
detects and binds viral RNA and activates interferon response
37What do NLR do? where are they found?
NOD-like receptors= bind MAMPS and activate secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
38What MAMPS do TLR tend to recognize?
-lipopeptides
-glycolipids
-double stranded RNA
-flagellin
39What MAMPS do NOD receptors tend to recognize?
-peptidoglycans
-flagellin
-dsRNA
-CpG (assoicated with bacteria)