1microbial cells: human cells
10 : 1
2What keeps bacteria in separate areas?
tight junctions
3When does microbiome start to form?
*colonization begins in utero (inheritied initially)
4Where is Staphylococcus (coagulase-neg) found?
-eye
-nose
-mouth
-skin
-ear
5Bacteria in stomach?
*Helicobacteria species
6Bacteria on skin? (3)
-staphylococcus (coagulase-neg)
-s. aureus
-propionibacterium acnes
7bacteria in mouth?
*staphylococcus coagulase-neg
*viridans streptococci
*neisseria species
8bacteria in small intestine?
*lactobacillus species
*bacteroides species
*enterococcus species
9bacteria in vagina?
*lactobacillus species
*gardnerella vaginals
*candida species
10bacteria in large intestine?
-bacteroides species
-fusobacterium species
-escherichia coli
-proteus species
-klebsiella species
-peptostreptococcus species
-enterococcus species
11aerobe to anaerobe meaning?
need oxygen: need no oxygen
12skin= aerobe: anaerobe
1:10
13mouth= aerobe: anaerobe
1:10
14Genitourinary tract= aerobe: anaerobe
1:100
15Intestine= aerobe: anerobe
1: 1,000
16average area of skin on human
2 sq meters (epidermis)
17epidermis environments vary from:
dry, moist, salty, acidic
18What happens within infants mouth within hours of birth?
*Neisseria, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Lactobacillus, some yeasts colonize (all nonpathogenic)
19What happens in babies mouth as teeth emerge?
-anaerobes (Prevotella and Fusobacterium) colonize
20What two bacteria form a glycocalyx in oral region? why?
-Streptococcus mutans
-Streptococcus salivarius
glycocalyx firmly adheres bacteria to oral surface and each other
21surface area of resp tract (average)
246 ft^2
22What makes up the mucociliary escalator?
*ciliated mucous lining of trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
23Purpose of mucociliary escalator?
*sweeps foreign particles up and out of the lungs
24Stomach environment? effect on bacteria
acidic enviornment, lethal to bacteria
25Why can Helicobacter pylori survive in stomach?
*produces urease
-urease generates ammonia that allows helicobacter pylori to survive
26What can H. pylori cause?
-incite inflammation of stomach epithelium
-leads to gastritisastric ulcers
27Average amount of bacteria per gram of human feces?
10^9 to 10^11
28population of anaerobes and facultative anaerobes in human intestine?
*1000 anaerobes to 1 facultative anaerobe
29Functions of gut microbiome?
-ferment unused energy substrates
-train immune system
-prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria
-regulate development of gut
-produce vitamins for host
-produce hormones (directs host to store fats)
30Describe one interaction demonstrating Metabolic Collaboration: involving bacteria and methanogen.
-bacteria produces H2 gas during fermentation (ussually high amount of H2 leds to shut down of fermentation)
-if methanolgen is present he'll eat up the H2 gas and produce products (acetate, butyrate)
-these byproducts are easily utilized by human cells (leads to weight gain)
31What graphical relationship is seen between Gut microbiota and obestity?
-high amount of methanobacteriales and archaea present in obest pts guts
32What bacteria are found in most probiotics?
-Lactobacillus
-Bifidobacterium
33Purpose of probiotics?
populate or repoulate GI tract with "helpful microbiota"
34Purpose of fecal transplants?
*replace harmfu bacteria with helpful bacteria as tx for inflammatory intestinal disease
35Mutalistic benefits of microbiome?
-digesting food
-syntheizing compounds (vitamins)
-interfer with pathogen colonization
-synthesize antimicrobial compounds
-help train/inhance immune system
36How does microbiome inhance the immune system?
*produces immunomodulins (modify secretion of cytokines)
37Risks of Microbiome?
-escape from specific region, opporunitistic pathogens
38Explain the double edge sword of enterotoxins... who produces them?
-Enterotoxins produced by Gram-negative pathogens
>enterotoxins cause damage to small intestine in host, leads to diarrhea
>or they help protect aginst colorectal cancer
39How can Enterotoxins help prevent colorectal cancer?
-activates Ca2+ channels which turns on antiproliferative pathway (slows cell division)
40How do microbes communicate with one another in communities? with host? host with microbe?
-quorum sensing (across bacterial species)
-microbial products affect host
-hosts hormones impact microbes
41What microbial products are produced? (2)
-Butyrate
-Indole
42What is the Hygiene hypothesis?
-changes in human behavior has led to loss of diveristy in human microbiota
43What factors contribute to a disappearing microbiota?
-overuse of antimicrobials
_dietary changes
-cesarean birth
-no breast feeding
44What is a gnotobiotic animal? purpose?
-animal where all microorganisms interacting with it are known and controlled
*understand anatomy and physiology
45In what ways can the microbiome be investigated?
-PCR
-Sequence analysis and detection
-Gnotobiotic animals
46What are three ways to carry out probe based detection in sequence analysis?
-PCR
-Microarray
-FISH
47Three popular routes to sequence analysis and detection?
-16s rDNA sequencing
-virulent gene sequencing
-targeted or whole genomeiome sequencing