1Describe the turning test
A person has a conversation with a person and an AI through text and must distinguish which is human and which is machine.
2What is the goal of the turning test?
Can an AI truly mimic human conversational behavior?
3Has any AI passed the turning test?
No AI has been sucessful for longer than 3 minutes
4How does symbolic top-down AI work?
It is based on a serise of "if-then" statments
5How does connectionalist bottom-up AI work?
The program is based on models of the human brain and tries to build structures that emulate how neurons work.
6Describe the magic sanwich hole
It is a bottom-up AI model that attempts to automatically sort randomly made sanwiches into good and bad.
7What is the big sanwich bug
A problem in the magic sanwich hole where the simple network can't understand the differnece between good and bad ingredients and good and bad combinations.
8What is supervised learning?
When a human user provides explicate feedback to an AI
9What is unspervised learning?
When the AI creates its own conclusions from large amounts of data
10What is deep learning?
When an AI learns from examples similar to how humans learn
11What is class imbalance?
A probelm in AI when a databse of examples has some bias that creates incorrect conclusions in the AI
12What are Markov chains?
A Markov chain is a set of states that usually repeat like text predictions that are based on the last word you used.
13What are evolutionary algorythms used for
They are used by computational scietists to optimize complex programs
14How does an evolutionary algorythm work
It starts with the same program with slight variations and measures the perforamcne of each one. Then it crosses over traits from top performers and repeats.
15When is machine learning most effective
With specific objective tasks
16When is machine learning least effective
With qualitative subjective tasks
17What is a golem
A hebrew creature that is as powerful as it is unwise
18What do rods and cones do
Rods are responsible for slow movment and low light while cones are responsible for faster moving objects and seeing color
19What is a bottom-up component to visual perception
The features that we see are matched to the memory of something else
20What is a top-down component to visual perception
Our expectations of something shape how we see it (for example the 13 or B question)
21How does ventral and dorsal pathway in the brain process visual information differenlty?
Ventral side processes "what" and dorsal processes "where"
22What is the bias competition model?
When there are too many stimuli, the brian only focuses on what is more relevnat
23Treisman's experiment of visual bias
The more similar stimuli are the more difficult visual search is because there is less contrast between stimuli
24What is inattentioal blindness
When we pay so little attention to something that we do not see it at all (for example, not seeing things when driving on your phone)
25What is appreciative agnosia
When people are unable to recognize objects or draw
26What is Hemispatial Neglect
Reduced awareness on one side of the brain even without physical damage
27What causes Hemispatial Neglect
Most common cause for Hemispatial Neglect is stroke
28How does texting impact the ability to pay attention while driving?
Texting greatly reduces the amount someone can pay attention while driving
29What did Strayer and Drews data show about texting and driving?
It made reactiong time 50% worse to brake lights
30Why do we have consepts?
To process new infromation more easily
31What is the difference between a conspet and a catagroy
Catagories are objects with similar features whereas conspets are the ideas that bound catagories together
32Why don't you remember what happend when you were a baby
Thier chunks are too small meaning they don't understand enough small consepts to create cohesive memories about bigger things happening around them
33Why does each new year seem to pass quicker than the last
Chunks repeat and larger chunks form, effectivly making each year feel shorter
34What is a chunk
A similar serise of events that occurs that form memories
35Explain the chess grand master example
Chess grand masters are able to memorzie chess board configurations faster ONLY when it is a possible combination. Demonstrating that when it is an unfarmiliar chunk they are not any better at and showing the difference between memory and recognition,
36Explain "situation lables"
saying that don't mean what their literal defention means
37Explain "perceptual attractors"
Things that we are prepared by our culture and environment to see that attract our attention more
38What is the strange loop
A loop where whenver you go through higherarchiercal step, you end up back where you started
39What sort of information do vervet monkies signal with thier alarm calls, grunts, and distress calls
Alarm calls signal specific threats, grunts are for communication between monkeys, and distress calls are for when a monkey is in danger
40What makes human language special
Our socail structures are based on cooperation instead of competition
41What are the 6 components of traditional linguistics
Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics
42What brain regions are particularly important for language processing and production
Left hemisphere
43What are Broca's and Wernickle's aphasia
Broca's aphasia is damage to Broca's area of the brain which leads to difficult with forming verbal speech. Wernickle's aphasia is damage to Wernickle's area of the brain that leads to diffculty forming meaning within speech.
44What are 8 peculiar aspects of the Pirahã language
1. No number words
2. No color words
3. No perfect tense
4. All verbs include the soruce of information (I saw it, I told it...)
5. No myths
6. No tradition of art/drawing
7. No relative direction, only refer to things as upriver or down river
8. Very few kin terms (only cohort above and below)
45What aspects of the Pirahã violate Chomsky's theory of universal grammar
Chomsky argued that all language involves the ablility to insert phrases into other phrases but the Pirahã wouldn't be able to do that