Green Criminology
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1
What is green criminology?
The study of environmental crimes, ecological harms, victimization involving humans and nonhuman life, and institutional responses to environmental damage.
2
How does green criminology differ from traditional legalistic criminology?
Green criminology may examine harmful environmental conduct even when that conduct is not formally classified as criminal.
3
What is environmental crime?
Conduct violating applicable criminal or regulatory laws intended to protect the environment, natural resources, wildlife, or public health.
4
What is ecological harm?
Damage to ecosystems, biodiversity, natural resources, or ecological processes, whether or not the conduct causing it is criminalized.
5
What is environmental justice?
The fair treatment and meaningful participation of people in environmental decisions and the distribution of environmental benefits and burdens.
6
What is environmental victimization?
Harm suffered by individuals, communities, animals, or ecosystems through pollution, resource destruction, or other environmentally damaging activities.
7
What is ecological justice in green criminology?
A perspective emphasizing the interests and integrity of ecosystems and ecological relationships, beyond exclusively human concerns.
8
What is species justice?
A perspective emphasizing the protection of nonhuman animals and other species from exploitation, cruelty, and destructive human activities.
9
What is anthropocentrism?
A perspective that evaluates environmental issues primarily in relation to human interests and welfare.
10
What is ecocentrism?
A perspective recognizing the intrinsic value of ecosystems and ecological relationships rather than considering only their usefulness to humans.
11
What is conservation criminology?
An interdisciplinary approach combining criminology, natural resource management, and risk analysis to understand and prevent conservation-related offenses.
12
What is wildlife trafficking?
The unlawful capture, possession, transport, trade, or sale of wildlife or wildlife products in violation of applicable laws.
13
What is CITES?
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, which regulates international trade in listed species through a permit and control system.
14
What is the principal Philippine wildlife protection statute?
Republic Act No. 9147, the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act.
15
What is the principal purpose of RA 9147?
To conserve and protect wildlife species and their habitats and regulate wildlife collection, possession, transport, and trade.
16
Which Philippine agencies have principal wildlife management responsibilities under RA 9147?
The DENR for terrestrial wildlife and the DA, through the appropriate fisheries authorities, for aquatic wildlife, subject to statutory jurisdictional rules.
17
What is illegal wildlife collection?
Taking wildlife from its natural habitat without the authorization required by applicable law.
18
What is habitat destruction?
The degradation, alteration, or elimination of conditions necessary for wildlife or ecological communities to survive.
19
What is biodiversity loss?
The reduction of biological diversity at genetic, species, or ecosystem levels.
20
What is illegal logging?
The cutting, harvesting, transporting, or dealing in timber or forest products contrary to applicable forestry laws and authorization requirements.
21
What is Presidential Decree No. 705?
The Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines, which establishes major rules governing forest resources and forestry-related offenses.
22
What is the distinction between timber theft and authorized timber harvesting?
Timber theft involves unlawful taking or appropriation; authorized harvesting must comply with applicable permits, ownership rights, and forestry requirements.
23
What is forest degradation?
The deterioration of forest condition or ecological functions without necessarily involving complete conversion to another land use.
24
What is deforestation?
The conversion of forested land to nonforest use or a sustained loss of forest cover under the applicable definition.
25
What is illegal fishing?
Fishing activity that violates applicable laws, regulations, licensing requirements, prohibited methods, or protected-area restrictions.
26
What is Republic Act No. 8550?
The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998, as amended by Republic Act No. 10654.
27
What is the major purpose of RA 10654?
To strengthen Philippine measures against illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing through amendments to the Fisheries Code.
28
What does IUU fishing stand for?
Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated fishing.
29
What is unreported fishing?
Fishing activity not reported, or misreported, to relevant authorities contrary to applicable reporting requirements.
30
What is unregulated fishing?
Fishing conducted in circumstances not adequately covered by applicable conservation or management measures, as defined in relevant fisheries frameworks.
31
What is destructive fishing?
Fishing using methods that damage habitats or aquatic ecosystems, including prohibited practices such as explosive fishing.
32
What is marine resource depletion?
The reduction of marine populations or resources through exploitation, environmental damage, or other pressures.
33
What is Republic Act No. 8749?
The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999.
34
What is the primary purpose of RA 8749?
To establish a comprehensive air pollution control policy protecting public health and the environment.
35
What is Republic Act No. 9275?
The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004.
36
What is the primary purpose of RA 9275?
To protect Philippine water bodies from pollution through water quality management and regulation of discharges.
37
What is Republic Act No. 9003?
The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.
38
What is the principal objective of RA 9003?
To establish systematic ecological solid waste management emphasizing waste reduction, segregation, recycling, and proper disposal.
39
What is Republic Act No. 6969?
The Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990.
40
What is the principal purpose of RA 6969?
To regulate toxic chemicals and hazardous or nuclear wastes and prevent associated risks to health and the environment.
41
What is environmental compliance monitoring?
The systematic assessment of whether activities and facilities meet applicable environmental permits, standards, and legal obligations.
42
What is corporate environmental crime?
Environmentally harmful conduct committed through corporate activities that violates applicable criminal laws or legally enforceable prohibitions.
43
What is greenwashing?
Misleading communication that exaggerates or falsely represents the environmental benefits or performance of a product, service, or organization.
44
What is environmental crime displacement?
The relocation or transformation of environmentally harmful illegal activity following enforcement or prevention efforts.
45
What is environmental crime convergence?
The overlap of environmental offenses with other illicit activities, networks, or markets, such as corruption, fraud, or organized trafficking.
46
Scenario: A trader transports protected wildlife without the required authorization. Which Philippine statute is principally relevant?
Republic Act No. 9147, subject to the species, activity, and applicable statutory requirements.
47
Scenario: A fishing vessel uses explosives to capture fish and damages coral habitat. Which legal framework is principally relevant?
The Philippine Fisheries Code, RA 8550 as amended by RA 10654, together with any other applicable environmental laws.
48
Scenario: A factory unlawfully discharges contaminated wastewater into a river. Which Philippine statute is particularly relevant?
Republic Act No. 9275, the Philippine Clean Water Act.
49
Scenario: A company unlawfully disposes of regulated hazardous chemical waste. Which statute is especially relevant?
Republic Act No. 6969, together with other applicable environmental and waste-management requirements.
50
Scenario: An impoverished coastal community bears most of the pollution from industrial facilities while receiving few economic benefits. Which criminological concept is illustrated?
Environmental injustice, particularly unequal distribution of environmental burdens.
51
What is the central objective of green criminological prevention?
To reduce unlawful and harmful environmental activities through effective regulation, accountability, conservation, community participation, and protection of ecosystems and affected populations.
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