1What are the three primary functions of bones?
Blood cell production (RBCs)
Storage of minerals (e.g., calcium)
Muscle attachment and load-bearing
2What are the major functions of the skeleton?
Provides structural framework
Protects vital organs
Provides the levers for muscles to act upon
3What are the two types of bone tissue and their functions?
Compact (Cortical) Bone: Strength and muscle attachment
Spongy (Trabecular) Bone: Mineral exchange and lightening of the bone weight
4Describe the four types of bones and their roles.
Long: Leverage, load-bearing (e.g., femur)
Short: Shock absorption (e.g., patella)
Flat: Protection, surface area for muscle (e.g., pelvis)
Irregular: Specialized movement (e.g., vertebra)
5A joint is where two bones meet, true/false?
True
6What is bone remodeling?
The natural process of bone breakdown and rebuilding
by osteoclasts (break down)
and osteoblasts (build up)
7What is the role of calcium in the body?
Muscle contraction
8True/False - Bones produce movement?
FALSE
Bones ALLOW for movement
Muscles PRODUCE the movement
9What is the difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis?
Osteopenia: Reduced BMD due to age, malnutrition, etc.
Osteoporosis: Severe BMD loss; T-score >= 2.5 SD below norm
10What are two movements you want to avoid in a client with osteoporosis?
Spinal flexion (supine) and spinal extension
11How does exercise affect BMD (BONE MINERAL DENSITY)?
Increases BMD through tensile and compressional forces Weight-bearing and resistance exercises are recommended
12What are the three major types of joints?
Fibrous: No movement (e.g., skull)
Cartilaginous: Slight movement (e.g., intervertebral discs)
Synovial: Freely moveable (e.g., hip, shoulder)
13Name the components of synovial joints.
Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Articular capsule
14Name the four types of connective tissue
Tendons
Ligaments
Fascia
Cartilage
15What is the function of tendons and ligaments?
Tendons: Connect muscle to bone (strain injuries)
Ligaments: Connect bone to bone (sprain injuries)
16What type of joint allows movement in multiple directions?
Ball and socket joint
17Which joints in the human body are classified as ball and socket joints?
Hip and shoulder joints
18The ankle, elbow and knee are known as what type of synovial joint?
Hinge Joint
19What is fascia?
A tissue layer that wraps muscles, nerves, and blood vessels
20What is the function of cartilage?
Provides smooth surface at joints
Absorbs shock
Does not regenerate
21What bones are in the axial skeleton?
skull, vertebral column, Thoracic cage
22What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
Shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, feet
23What bones form the transition between axial and appendicular skeletons?
Pelvic girdle and shoulder girdle
24What bones form the Knee Joint?
Femur, patella, tibia -
25What bones form the Elbow Joint?
Humerus, Ulna
26What bones form the Shoulder Girdle Joint?
Scapula, Clavicle, Sternum
27What bones form the Shoulder Joint?
Scapula, Humerus
28What Bones form the Forearm?
Radius, Ulna
29What Bones form the Hip?
Femur, Pelvis
30What bones form the Tibiofibular?
Tibia, Fibula
31What bones form the Subtalar?
Talus, Calcaneus
32How many bones does the Cervical Spine have?
7
33How many bones does the Thoracic Spine have?
12
34How many bones does the Lumbar Spine have?
5
35What is the major mineral found in the bones?
Calcium
36What is the percentage of Calcium in the body?
<1% in the blood and 99% in the bones