Human Factors

occurs when the tissues in the body do not recieve enough oxygen

- an insufficient supply of oxygen
- due to lack of pressure to push oxygen through the body
- considered the most lethal of physiological accidents

- inability of blood to carry oxygen molecules
- hypemic = Not enough hemoglobin
- results from anemia, blood loss, carbon monoxide poisoning or smoking

- caused by blood not flowing efficiently
can result from ...
- heart problems
- excessive acceleration aka pulling G 'S
- shock
- constricted blood vessels
- cold temperatures
can cause ...
- hyperventilation

- inability of blood cells to efficiently use supplied oxygen
- caused by alcohol or drugs
Symptomens Include...
- headache
- Increased response time
- impaired judgement
- euphoria
- visual impairments
- Numbness
- usually happens at 10,000ft

- caused by breathing rapidly
- developed when too much oxygen leaves the body
- can be triggered from fear, tensions , and anxiety
Tips
- slow breathing rate
- talk aloud /sing
- breathe Into paper bay

Middle Ear =Small Cavity
→ Eustachian Tube
- allows air pressure to equalize in the Middle ear
→ During Climb
- middle ear pressure > External ear canal pressure
-Causes eardrum to bulge outwards
→ During Descents
- Middle ear Pressure < External Ear Pressure
- eardrum bulges Inward

- remedy to rear discomfort
- difficult to do when you have a sore throat or sinus block
→ Steps
1. Pinch nose shut
2. Close mouth and lips
3. blow gently into mouth and nose

- refers to lack of orientation by knowing position , altitude , or movement of airplane In space

- occurs when pilot is subjected to different forces of flight during a manuver (instrument)
- results in misleading information to the brain

- Vestibular illusions
Stands for...
I-nversion illusion
C-orolis illusion
E-levator illusion
F-alse Horizion
L-the Lens
A-uto kinesis
G-raveyard spiral
S-omatogravic illusions

Is a abrupt change from climb to straight and level flight
- creates a tumbling backwards sensation
- may cause pilot to push the nose down which may intensify the illusion

Occurs when your in a turn for a long time and the fluid in your ear starts to move at the same speed as the fluid in your ear canal.
- you can fix this by moving your head to get the fluids in your ear to move

abrupt upwards vertical acceleration from updraft.
- creates the illusion of climbing or the illusion of being in a descent
- may cause the pilot to pitch the nose low during climb illusion or up during descent illusion

Created when there is a sloping cloud formation, obscured horizion, or during a aurora borelis.
- inaccurate visual info
- may cause pilot to struggle to align aircraft with the actual horizion

Happens when you level the wings after a prolonged turn
- may create the illusion that the aircraft is banking in the opposite direction
- to combat this, the pilot will need to reference their instruments more

Created when you fly in the dark and focus on a singular stationary light.
- the light may appear to move if stared at a long period of time
- pilot may attempt to align aircraft with the moving light

Occurs when pilot is in a prolonged constant rate of turn which causes them to experience the illusion of not turning.
- Starts when the pilot starts to experience the leans during the turn which leads to pilot noticing a loss of lift (illusion of descent) which results in the pilot pulling back on the controls to either climb or tighten the spiral

Cause when acceleration simulates your organs in a way that makes it seem like your moving backwards.
- rapid acceleration causes illusion of being in a nose up attitude which results in pilot pushing the nose down
- can also show the opposite and cause the pilot to pull the nose up

R-unway width
R-unway Terrain/Slope
F-eatureless Terrain
W-ater Refraction
H-aze
F-og
G-round Lighting

Shows a narrower than usual runway which creates the illusion that the aircraft is higher than what it actually is.
- to compensate for the illusion making it seem like the pilot is closer to land, the pilot will try to land higher and farther than runway length than what is actually seen

-> Downslopping Runway
Creates the illusion that the aircraft is lower than what it actually is.
- leads to a higher approach
-> Upslopping Runway
Creates illusion that aircraft is higher than what it actually is
- leads to lower approach

Can create the illusion of pitching up
- pilot might abruptly steepen the approach

rain on windshields create illusion that aircraft is at a higher attitude than what it actually is.
- horizions appear lower than what it actually is
- causes pilot to fly a low approach

Can create the illusion of being at a greater distance and height from the runway
- can cause pilot ot fly a lower approach
- clear air + bright conditions = illusions of being closer to a runway
- can cause pilot to fly a higher approach

Lights along straight paths can be mistaken for runway approach lights.
- creates illusion of less distance to the runway
- can cause pilot to fly a higher approach

1 - anticipate that there will be illusions based on certain weather conditions and make sure that before taking a flight you look over the chart supplements for runway slopes, terrain, and lighting information

2- Make frequent references to the altimeter especially during approaches

3- if possible contact aerial visiual inspection of an unfamiliar airport

Is the rapid reduction of ambient pressure surronding the body.
- leads to joint pain and is extremely serious
- once you notice it, descend immediatly then seek out medical assistance
- goal is to get rid of the overflow of nitrogen in your body, in the same manner that scuba divers need to rid their body of nitrogen before coming to the surface