GATech BIOS 1208 Comprehensive Flash Cards

A diagram showing the evolutionary relationships between different species

Formation of new species

One or more groups of organisms that form an evolutionary unit

A taxon and all its ancestors

A characteristic present in related species and their common ancestors

The least related taxon in a tree

A common ancestor and all of its descendants

A monophyletic group which one or more descendants are excluded

A monophyletic group which lacks the common ancestor

Phylogenetic trees with a timescale

The earliest eon, before compelling evidence of life (4.6 BYA - 4.0 BYA)

The eon which contains the evolution of early life (4.0 BYA - 2.5 BYA)

The eon which contains oxygen accumulation and the flourishing of early microbial life (2.5 BYA - 542 MYA)

Rapid increase in animal and plant life (542 MYA - Now)

The first living organisms, containing bacteria and archaea

Bacterial cell walls are made of this

Archaean cell walls are made of this

A method of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotes

The transfer of information through plasmids, a process that makes classifying the relatedness of prokaryotes difficult

Organisms that obtain their energy from light

Organisms that obtain their energy from chemical compounds

Organisms that obtain carbon from inorganic sources

Organisms that obtain carbon from other organisms

The time span where cyanobacteria produced free oxygen that reacted with iron to precipitate out of the ocean

The theory that states an Archaean cell absorbs an aerobic bacterial cell that eventually resulted in the mitochondria

The first cyanobacteria arose in this eon

The first single-celled eukaryotes arose in this eon

The first multicellular algae arose in this eon

The first multicellular animals arose in this eon

The Cambrian explosion occurred at the start of this eon

Two engulfment events resulted in chloroplasts, this is the lineage that included green plants

Two engulfment events resulted in chloroplasts, this is the lineage that included amoebas

Cells with Nuclei, Mitochondria, A Cytoskeleton, Linear Chromosomes, Mitosis, Meiosis

Number of copies of each chromosome

1n Ploidy

2n Ploidy

The joining of male and female gametes

The observed organism is haploid, the zygote immediately undergoes meiosis and produces spores

The observed organism is diploid, the zygote undergoes mitosis and spores are never produced

Organisms with this life cycle have both a haploid and diploid multicellular state

The diploid multicellular state in alternation of generations

The haploid multicellular state in alternation of generations

Any eukaryote that does not fall into the category of plant, animal, or fungus

Can't dry out, external support structure, sperm and egg can swim to each other, water filters out UV light

Sunlight is more abundant, carbon dioxide is more abundant, early lack of predators

Prevents plants from drying out through evaporation

Pores on a plant that allow for the exchange of gases

Anchors plants and allows for water absorption

Fungi that surround plant roots to help them obtain water and minerals

A thin, rootlike structure that anchors plants and absorbs water and nutrients

Nonvascular plants like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts that are physically tied to water and have a gametophyte-dominated life

Seedless vascular plants like ferns and horsetails that still require water for reproduction and the sporophyte is larger than the free living gametophyte

Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

Vascular tissue that moves sugars throughout a plant

Substance in plants that makes their cell walls rigid

Seeded, nonflowering plants like trees that use pollen and seeds to produce and protect sperm and eggs respectively and also have attached gametophytes

Flowering plants that allow for pollinators to move pollen, have double fertilization, have fruits, and attached gametophytes

A nutrient-rich tissue that grows alongside a sperm cell in some plants

Name the Phanerozoic Eon's periods

(Camels Often Sit Down Carefully; Perhaps Their Joints Creak? Please Need Quick!)

Name the Phanerozoic Eon's Eras

In Alternation of Generations, when the haploid gametophyte is larger than the sporophyte

In Alternation of Generations, when the sporophyte is larger than the gametophyte, which is free-living

The substance that makes up fungal cell walls

The external digestion of food, used by fungi

The body of a multicellular fungus

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

Fungi produce spores in reproductive structures called

Enzymes which digest organic matter for fungi

Fusion of two haploid cells with independent nuclei

The fusion of nuclei to form a diploid nucleus

Fungi that get their energy from decaying organic matter

A group of similar cells that exist in all plants except for sponges

Animals that have true tissues

The phylum that likely includes the first eumetazoan

The concentration of nerves in a single area

An animal that develops from two embryonic germ layers

An animal that develops from three germ layers

The outermost germ layer

The innermost germ layer

A fluid filled body cavity

The middle germ layer in a triploblast

Ancestors of roundworms, the first to develop a complete digestive system

Species and lineage that lost the coelom and the complete digestive system, they also have two nerve cords

Tiny tubes in insect body that deliver oxygen directly to metabolizing tissues

Belly-side nerve cord

Back-side nerve cord

Sponges that lack true tissue and symmetry

Flatworms, but not true flatworms

Group of organisms with cephalization, mouth-first digestive tract, organ systems

The phylum of insects

The anus develops first in the digestive tract

All animals with a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, and a muscular post-anal tail

A flexible rod that supports a chordate's back

Nerve cord found in all chordates that forms the spinal cord and brain

Slits that allow for the filtering of water and food

The space behind your mouth, your throat

Structure that allows for locomotion in water and balance

Chordates with a cranium

Only living species with a skull but no vertebral column or jaw

Chordates that have a vertebral column

Jawless fish species without jaw

Living agnathostomes

Vertebrates that have a jaw

Early example of gnathostomes

Fish that have a skeleton of cartilage

Fish with bony skeletons and lungs

Lobe-finned fishes

four-limbed vertebrates

An intermediate species between lobe fins and limbs

frogs, toads, and salamanders that live in both aquatic and land stages in life

Reptiles, birds, and mammals that are able to reproduce on land due to a specialized egg

Ancestors of reptiles, birds, dinosaurs, snakes, and lizards

Class of animals with scaly skin made of keratin

Solid skull with no holes behind eyes

Skull with two holes on each side of the head

An animals that warms itself mainly by absorbing heat from its surroundings

Class of birds

Warm blooded animals

Ancestors of mammals, single hole behind each eye in skull

Class of mammals

Placental mammals

Mammals that carry their young in a pouch

Mammals that lay eggs

Precambrian supercontinent

Most recent supercontinent

The first mass extinction, second largest, likely caused by glaciation and global warming

The second mass extinction, primarily affected marine species, causes are unknown

The third and largest mass extinction, likely caused by extended volcanic activity

The fourth mass extinction, causes are unclear

The fifth mass extinction, a meteor impact that wiped out the dinosaurs

The effect of slight changes in Earth's orbit on the climate

A period of time where the climate was 0.1 - 0.2 C higher than normal

A period of time where the climate cooled 1 C compared to normal

Development of an organism's overall shape

Cell-to-Cell Communication

Growth of a new cell from an older cell

A mature organism splits into fragments that grow into new organisms.

Development of an unfertilized egg into a new organism

Fertilized egg splits to create identical clones

Growth of new organisms without spores or gametes in plants

In what conditions will organisms that can reproduce both sexually and asexually prefer to reproduce sexually?

The concept that some organisms can be choosy about reproducing

Males and females are distinct from one another due to this

Characteristic differences between males and females due to sexual dimorphism

Direct Male Competition

Intrasexual selection where males fight physically

Intrasexual selection where males engage in dances or create elaborate nests

Intrasexual selection where many males gather and display at the same time

Female Choice

Hypothesis as for why females choose males with more showy characteristics

A male remaining by a female until the eggs are fertilized

Sticky residue that blocks the female reproductive tract

Structures that can remove the sperm of previous males

A large amount of ejaculate can flush out that of previous males

The ability of a female to choose which sperm fertilizes her eggs

Effort from one or both parents to increase the offspring's survival rate

One male and one female are paired for the season or longer

One male or female with many females or males

One male with many females

One female with many males

Many males mate with many females

Where males produce sperm

Where males store sperm

Female eggs that mature in the ovaries

A sac that females can store sperm in for later fertilization found in insects and mollusks

A feature that functions as the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems in birds and reptiles

An organ that houses developing offspring found in females, some species have multiple

The production of gametes

Produces and develops eggs

Site of fertilization, transports eggs to uterus

Passage between uterus and vagina

The gland that produces FSH and LH

Structures that the egg develops in inside of the ovaries

The ruptured follicle that prevents fertilization

Egg Production

Egg Stem Cells

Immature, diploid egg cells produced by the division of oogonia

The reason that oocytes only produce one egg after meiosis

Hormone that promotes the development of egg cells

Hormone that promotes the release of the most mature egg

Hormone that suppresses the release of FSH and LH to allow for fertilization

Hormone that enhances the activation and suppression of follicles, among other things

Phase of the Ovarian Cycle where eggs mature in follicles

Phase of the Ovarian Cycle where a mature follicle ruptures to release an egg

The phase of the Ovarian Cycle where the corpus luteum suppresses the growth and release of other follicles

Hormone released upon a fertilized egg implanting, preventing the degredation of the corpus luteum

Structure that carries and supports testes

Structure that contributes to 60% of semen's composition (Alkaline Solution, Mucus, Fructose, Ascorbic Acid, Prostaglandins)

Structure that contributes to 30% of semen's composition (Citrate, PSA)

Structures that clean the urethra at ejaculation

Specific structure within the testes responsible for the production of sperm

Cells that protect the sperm stem cells

Cells that produce testosterone and regulate sperm development

Location where sperm is transferred during ejaculation and forms the ejaculatory duct with the seminal vesicles duct

Group of lipids that stimulate muscle contractions in the uterus

Organic compound that promotes sperm motility

Sperm Production

Sperm Stem Cells

Cells in the process of becoming spermatids and eventually sperm

Immature sperm cells

Hormone that's released when sperm count is too high

Birth control that blocks the production of FSH and LH through progesterone

Birth control implant that creates a toxic environment for sperm

Birth control that seals the oviducts

The union of gametes to form a zygote

Rapid rounds of mitotic cell division

Movement of cells to create tissue layers

Organ and tissue formation via division and differentiation

Structure composed of glycoproteins that attracts sperm to the egg

Second membrane outside of the cell membrane of the egg

Vesicle containing enzymes that will degrade the proteins holding the vitelline envelope

Species-specific proteins that will bind to egg membrane receptors

Organelle containing enzymes that will degrade the jelly layer of the egg

The fusion of more than one sperm with an egg, will result in zygote death

Part of fertilization that allows for a sperm to fuse with the egg

Fast block for polyspermy

Part of fertilization which degrades the bindin receptors

Slow block to polyspermy, where the vitelline envelope is pulled away

A zygote evolves into these smaller cleavage-stage cells

The name for an embryo composed of at least 100 blastomeres

The first embryonic tissue

Yolk-filled cavity inside the blastoderm

The mammalian blastula

outer layer of blastocyst that will become the embryonic portion of the placenta

mRNAs or Proteins that are asymmetrically distributed, resulting in cells with different information and functions

When yolk is heavy enough to sink and influence the development of a head and body

The embryo when it has three tissue layers following the blastula

The embryonic gut formed by the endoderm

Nervous System, Skin Epidermis, Epithelial Lining of Mouth and Rectum

Muscle Cells, Skeletal Cells, Circulatory System, Reproductive Organs

Internal Organs, Liver, Pancreas, Epithelial Lining of Digestive and Respiratory Systems

Tightly packed sheets of cells that cover surfaces and line body cavities

Cells suspended in some form of matrix to support and connect other tissues

Keeps the body upright and allows for movement, contains actin and myosin

Involved in sensing stimuli and transmitting information, made of neurons and glia

Embryonic tissue protecting the embryo from shock and supports hydration

Embryonic tissue that facilitates gas exchange and respiration

Embryonic tissue that stores nitrogenous waste and assists in respiration

Transports nutrients from the yolk into the embryo

The embryonic precursor to the central nervous system

Structure that signals the neural plate to form a neural tube

Structures formed by mesoderm that eventually become bones

Genes that determine body axes and segmentation

Structures that protect flower buds before they open

Brightly colored leaves that attract pollinators

Male plant reproductive structures containing anthers and filaments

Plant structure that contains microsporangia

Plant structure that produces microspores that develop into male gametophytes

Female plant reproductive structure made of the stigma, style, and ovary

Structure that produces megaspores that develop into the female gametophyte

Plant structure where pollen is deposited

Plant structure that connects the stigma and ovary

Cell in mature pollen that grows into the stigma down into the ovary

Cell in mature pollen that travels through the tube cell and divides into two sperm cells

Cells in the embryo sac that will degenerate for nourishment

Two cells in the embryo sac that will eventually form the triploid endosperm

The area of the embryo sac where sperm enters

Two cells in the embryo sac on either side of the egg cell that guide the pollen tube

Different methods by which plants are pollinated

Pollination Syndrome for Bees, Butterflies, Wasps, or Flies

Pollination Syndrome for Moths and Bats

Pollination Syndrome for Birds

Pollination Syndrome for Wind

The basal cell of a plant zygote that acts as a route for nutrition from plant to embryo

Embryonic leaves which serve as energy and nutrient storage

The process of dehydrating a seed and slowing metabolism

Dispersal through "explosions" out of the plant

Dispersal through wing or umbrella-like appendages

Dispersal through light and buoyant fruits

Dispersal through either hooked fruits or very sweet fruits

Dispersal for fruits that are specifically very brightly colored

Dispersal for fruits that are specifically very highly scented

A plant hormone that forms a gradient, serving a function similar to a cytoplasmic determinant

Embryonic plant structure that will develop into the stem

Embryonic plant structure that will develop into the roots

System that supports the plant absorbs water and minerals, typically underground

System consisting of stems, leaves, and reproductive parts, usually aboveground

A main root that grows straight down, common in dicots

Dense network of roots closer to the surface, common in monocots

Roots for storing starch

Aboveground roots that provide additional support

Aboveground roots that facilitate gas exchange for plants in oxygen-poor water

Roots that collect water and nutrients from air and dust

Roots of parasitic plants that burrow into another plant

Points of attachments for leaves and flowers on a stem

Regions of the stem between two nodes

Site of new growth on a stem, containing the apical meristem

Buds present where the leaf meets the stem, may be a site for more growth

Soft and typically green stems

Hard and wooded stems

A single stem

Stems with divisions and side stems

Structure that attaches leaves to the stem

Tissues in plants that are functionally equivalent to stem cells in animals

Tissues that are any plant cells no longer actively dividing

Tissues that protect and cover the plant, controlling gas exchange and water absorption

Plant tissue that transports water, minerals, and sugars through the xylem and phloem

Plant tissues that carry out multiple functions based on location

Cells that provide protection and prevent water loss in dermal tissue

Two cells that control each leaf stomata in dermal tissue