evolutionary biology outlearn fixed
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1
What is biology?
- The scientific study of life
- The study of inherited traits only
- The study of ecosystems only
- The study of living and nonliving matter equally
2
In what year did Darwin publish On the Origin of Species?
- 1809
- 1859
- 1835
- 1900
3
When was Charles Darwin born?
- February 12, 1859
- November 24, 1809
- February 12, 1809
- February 12, 1819
4
Who was born on the same day as Darwin?
- Alfred Russel Wallace
- Isaac Newton
- Thomas Huxley
- Abraham Lincoln
5
Who independently developed natural selection?
- Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
- Darwin and Gregor Mendel
- Darwin and Thomas Huxley
- Wallace and Louis Pasteur
6
What is a proximate explanation?
- Why natural selection favored a trait
- How a trait or behavior works
- How a species originated millions of years ago
- Why a trait increases fitness
7
What is an ultimate explanation?
- What immediate hormone causes a behavior
- Which muscles produce a movement
- Why a trait evolved
- How a cell responds to a signal
8
What is Occam's razor?
- Prefer the explanation with most assumptions
- Prefer the oldest explanation
- Prefer the most detailed explanation regardless of evidence
- Prefer the simplest explanation consistent with evidence
9
What does extant mean?
- Still living today
- Recently extinct
- Preserved as a fossil
- Evolutionarily unchanged
10
What is generation time?
- Length of an organism’s entire life
- Average time between generations
- Time needed for one mutation
- Age of the oldest fossil
11
Why can bacteria evolve rapidly?
- They never mutate
- They reproduce only sexually
- Short generation times
- They are unaffected by selection
12
What is the central idea of Your Inner Fish?
- Modern humans descended from modern salmon
- All fish became land animals
- Human limbs evolved independently of fish fins
- Humans share ancestry with ancient fish
13
Who wrote Your Inner Fish?
- Neil Shubin
- Richard Dawkins
- Charles Darwin
- Stephen Jay Gould
14
What is Tiktaalik?
- The first modern amphibian
- A fossil fish with tetrapod-like features
- An early mammal
- A living cartilaginous fish
15
Why is Tiktaalik important?
- It proves mammals evolved before fish
- It was the first vertebrate with feathers
- It shows features of the fish-to-tetrapod transition
- It is the oldest known organism
16
Where was Tiktaalik discovered?
- Antarctica
- Eastern Africa
- Southern Australia
- Arctic Canada
17
Which rock type often preserves fossils?
- Sedimentary
- Igneous
- Metamorphic
- Volcanic glass
18
Where are older fossils generally found in undisturbed strata?
- Upper layers
- Lower layers
- Only at the surface
- Equally in all layers
19
What is a tetrapod?
- Any animal with four legs
- Any fish with paired fins
- A vertebrate with four-limbed ancestry
- A mammal with four limbs only
20
Approximately when was the fish-to-tetrapod transition?
- 500 million years ago
- 250 million years ago
- 65 million years ago
- 375 million years ago
21
What is the key limb-evolution point in Your Inner Fish Chapter 2?
- Fish fins and tetrapod limbs share underlying structures
- Fish fins and human arms have no shared ancestry
- All limb bones arose independently
- Human digits appeared before fish fins
22
What does ZPA stand for?
- Zone of Protein Activation
- Zone of Polarizing Activity
- Zygotic Patterning Area
- Zoological Polar Axis
23
What does the ZPA influence?
- The color of adult skin
- The timing of tooth eruption
- The pattern of digits in a developing limb
- The number of vertebrae in all animals
24
What is Sonic hedgehog?
- A bone found in Tiktaalik
- A type of sedimentary rock
- A protein found only in mammals
- A developmental signaling gene
25
How can vitamin A relate to limb development?
- Retinoic acid can influence developmental signaling
- Vitamin A directly becomes limb bone
- It stops all gene expression
- It determines adult body temperature
26
What are skates?
- Early four-limbed mammals
- Cartilaginous fish related to sharks
- Bony fish that live only in rivers
- Extinct amphibians
27
Approximately when did life begin on Earth?
- 500 million years ago
- 1 billion years ago
- 3.8–4 billion years ago
- 10,000 years ago
28
Approximately when did multicellular life become established?
- 10,000 years ago
- 65 million years ago
- 4 million years ago
- 1 billion years ago
29
Approximately when was the Cambrian explosion?
- 500 million years ago
- 375 million years ago
- 1 billion years ago
- 60 million years ago
30
Approximately when did early reptiles appear?
- 500 million years ago
- 300 million years ago
- 60 million years ago
- 10 million years ago
31
Approximately when did early mammals appear?
- 375 million years ago
- 500 million years ago
- 200–250 million years ago
- 10,000 years ago
32
Approximately when was the dinosaur-ending asteroid impact?
- 375 million years ago
- 200 million years ago
- 10,000 years ago
- 60–66 million years ago
33
Approximately when did agriculture expand?
- 10,000 years ago
- 100,000 years ago
- 1 million years ago
- 60 million years ago
34
What is natural selection?
- Individuals evolve traits because they need them
- Heritable traits associated with reproductive success increase in frequency
- Every mutation improves survival
- All individuals reproduce equally
35
Which set gives the four conditions for natural selection?
- Mutation, migration, extinction, and competition
- Survival, intelligence, strength, and size
- Variation in reproduction and traits, trait-fitness association, heritability
- Predation, disease, climate, and age
36
What does evolutionary fitness mean?
- Physical strength alone
- Maximum lifespan
- Ability to avoid every predator
- Reproductive success
37
What is heritability?
- The extent genetic differences contribute to trait variation
- The proportion of organisms that survive
- The number of offspring in one family
- A trait being learned from parents
38
What is a mutation?
- Any change in behavior
- A change in genetic material
- A trait acquired through practice
- A response to a new predator
39
How can bacteria gain antibiotic resistance?
- Exercise and acquired immunity
- Learning from other bacteria
- Mutation and horizontal gene transfer
- Only by sexual reproduction
40
What is horizontal gene transfer?
- Passing genes only from parent to child
- An increase in chromosome number during growth
- The movement of cells through soil
- Gene movement between organisms outside parent-offspring inheritance
41
What is evolutionary altruism?
- Helping another at a fitness cost to oneself
- Helping only when both gain immediately
- Any act that improves personal survival
- Competing with genetic relatives
42
What is kin selection?
- Selection that always favors unrelated individuals
- Selection favoring help to genetic relatives through inclusive fitness
- Selection acting only on siblings
- Selection caused by teaching
43
What is Hamilton's rule?
- C > rB
- r + B = C
- rB > C
- B = C regardless of relatedness
44
In Hamilton's rule, what is r?
- Rate of mutation
- Reproductive age
- Risk of predation
- Genetic relatedness
45
In Hamilton's rule, what is B?
- Fitness benefit to the recipient
- Fitness cost to the helper
- Genetic relatedness
- Number of generations
46
In Hamilton's rule, what is C?
- Fitness benefit to the recipient
- Fitness cost to the helper
- Chance of mutation
- Number of relatives
47
What is typical parent-child relatedness?
- 25%
- 12.5%
- 50%
- 100%
48
What is typical full-sibling relatedness?
- 25%
- 12.5%
- 75%
- 50%
49
What is typical half-sibling relatedness?
- 25%
- 50%
- 12.5%
- 75%
50
What is typical first-cousin relatedness?
- 25%
- 12.5%
- 50%
- 6.25%
51
What is reciprocal altruism?
- Helping only genetic relatives
- Helping with no possible future interaction
- Helping with the possibility of future help in return
- Helping because offspring inherit the behavior directly
52
Which animal illustrates reciprocal altruism in lecture?
- Sponges
- Jellyfish
- Skates
- Vampire bats
53
What is cultural transmission?
- Passing learned information between individuals
- Passing only DNA to offspring
- Mutation spreading through a population
- Evolution of a new species
54
Why can cultural transmission change behavior quickly?
- It prevents natural selection
- It does not require genetic change across generations
- It requires a new mutation first
- It occurs only in humans
55
What is imitation?
- Learning only by trial and error
- Inheriting a learned behavior genetically
- Learning by copying behavior
- Learning without observing anything
56
What is social learning?
- Learning exclusively from genes
- Learning only through direct teaching
- Learning only through mutation
- Learning from observing others
57
What is teaching?
- Actively helping another individual learn
- Any behavior that happens near another
- Only passing genes to offspring
- Learning without social interaction
58
What does LUCA mean?
- Last Unique Cellular Animal
- Last Universal Common Ancestor
- Largest Universal Clade of Animals
- Living Universal Common Adaptation
59
What is Morganucodon?
- A transitional fish fossil
- The earliest flowering plant
- An early mammal relative
- A living reptile
60
What is colostrum?
- Milk produced only after weaning
- A hormone that causes labor
- A mammal tooth structure
- Early milk rich in immune-supporting components
61
What are oligosaccharides?
- Short chains of sugar units
- Proteins made of amino acids
- Long chains of DNA
- Minerals in bone
62
Which traits characterize mammals?
- Feathers and beaks
- Hair and milk production
- Scales and gills in adulthood
- Exoskeleton and jointed legs
63
Do all mammals have a placenta?
- Yes, all mammals have an identical placenta
- No mammals develop placentas
- No, mammal reproductive strategies differ
- Only reptiles develop placentas
64
What does metazoan mean?
- Fungus
- Plant
- Single-celled bacterium
- Animal
65
Which description fits animals?
- Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes without cell walls
- Photosynthetic prokaryotes with cell walls
- Unicellular fungi with chloroplasts
- Multicellular autotrophs with cellulose walls
66
Which major group is evolutionarily close to animals?
- Plants
- Fungi
- Bacteria
- Archaea
67
What are choanoflagellates?
- The earliest land mammals
- Extinct marine reptiles
- Close living relatives of animals
- A type of flowering plant
68
Why are sponges useful for studying evolution?
- They are the first known mammals
- They have the most complex brains
- They evolved from modern jellyfish
- They offer clues about early animal evolution
69
What nervous system do jellyfish have?
- A nerve net
- A mammalian cerebral cortex
- A vertebrate spinal cord
- No nerve cells of any kind
70
What is bilateral symmetry?
- A body plan with five identical sections
- A body plan with left and right mirror sides
- A body plan with no organized axes
- A body plan with identical top and bottom surfaces
71
What is phylogeny?
- The study of one organism’s physiology
- The process of individual growth
- Evolutionary relationships among organisms
- A measurement of fitness
72
What is evolutionary mismatch?
- A mutation that always causes extinction
- Two species having identical traits
- Any variation within a population
- An evolved trait fits poorly with a changed environment
73
What is mismatch in time?
- Environments change faster than adaptation can keep up
- A species moves to a new location
- Organisms reproduce at the same time
- All traits remain equally useful
74
What is mismatch in space?
- Climate changes at the same location over time
- A species encounters a different environment after moving
- A species stops reproducing
- A population loses all genetic variation
75
What does evolution as a tinkerer mean?
- Evolution designs organisms from scratch
- Evolution always produces perfect traits
- Evolution modifies existing structures
- Evolution works toward a fixed goal
76
Who described evolution as a tinkerer, not an engineer?
- Louis Pasteur
- Isaac Newton
- Theodosius Dobzhansky
- François Jacob
77
Who said chance favors the prepared mind?
- Louis Pasteur
- Charles Darwin
- Peter Medawar
- John Maynard Smith
78
Who used the phrase standing on the shoulders of giants?
- François Jacob
- Isaac Newton
- Alfred Russel Wallace
- Neil Shubin
79
Who said nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution?
- Charles Darwin
- John Maynard Smith
- Theodosius Dobzhansky
- Peter Medawar
80
Who is associated with the quote that everyone thinks they understand evolution?
- Isaac Newton
- Louis Pasteur
- Neil Shubin
- John Maynard Smith
81
Who said that for a biologist, not thinking evolutionarily is not thinking?
- Peter Medawar
- Charles Darwin
- François Jacob
- Louis Pasteur
82
Who is associated with the quote about humans destroying species quickly?
- John Maynard Smith
- Victor Blanchard Scheffer
- Isaac Newton
- Alfred Russel Wallace
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