11. Modern Physics
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Thermionic Emission
The emission of electrons from the surface of a hot metal
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Cathode rays
Streams of high speed electrons moving from the cathode to the anode
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Electronvolt (eV)
The energy gained or lost by an electron when it moves through a potential difference of 1 V.
1 eV = 1.6×10^-19 J
1 eV = 1.6×10^-19 J
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Photoelectric Effect
The release of electrons from the surface of a metal by electromagnetic radiation of a suitable frequency
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Threshold Frequency
For a given metal is the minimum frequency needed for photoemission to occur
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Work Function
Of a metal is the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from the surface of the metal
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Photon
A packet / bundle of Electromagnetic radiation
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X-Rays
High frequency electromagnetic radiation
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Emission Spectrum (of an element)
Specific frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted by an element.
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Atomic Number
of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus. (Z)
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Atomic Mass Number
of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. (A)
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Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
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Radioactivity
The decay of unstable nuclei with the emission of one or more types of radiation
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Alpha Radiation
Fast moving helium nuclei ejected from the nuclei of radioactive atoms
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Beta Radiation
High speed electrons ejected from the nuclei of radioactive atoms
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Gamma Radiation
High frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nuclei of radioactive atoms
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Ionisation
Loss or gain of an electron
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Activity
The activity of a radioactive sample is the number of nuclei decaying per second
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Becquerel
1 Becquerel is equal to 1 disintegration per second
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Law of Radioactive Decay
The activity is directly proportional
to the number of nuclei present
to the number of nuclei present
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Half-Life
The time taken for half the nuclei to decay.
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Nuclear Fission
The breaking up of a large nucleus into two similar sized nuclei with the release of energy and neutrons.
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Nuclear Fusion
The joining of two small nuclei to form a larger nucleus with the release of energy.
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Chain reaction (in nuclear fission)
Neutrons from one reaction initiate subsequent reactions
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