Anatomy: Body Systems, Tissues, and Joints

List the four basic types of tissues in the body.

What type of tissue binds together and supports the various structures of the body?

List the ten systems of the human body.

How many individual body systems comprise the human body?

How many bones are there in the adult axial skeleton?

What is the name of the dense fibrous membrane that covers bone?

Which aspect of the long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?

Which of the following is a secondary growth center for endochondral ossification?

List the three functional classifications of joints.

Which of the following is not a functional classification of joints?

List the three structural classifications of joints.

The structural term for a freely movable joint is:

List the seven types of movement for synovial joints.

Which of the following is classified as a bicondylar joint?

The ankle joint is what type of synovial joint?

The vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves describes the _____ (insert answer) plane.

A longitudinal plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts is the _____ (insert answer) plane.

The direction or path of the central ray defines which positioning term?

Which positioning term describes the general and specific body position? ? wtf

What is the difference between a projection and a position?

A patient is erect with the back to the IR. The left side of the body is turned 45 degrees toward the IR. What is the position?

A patient is lying on her back facing the x-ray tube. The right side of her body is turned 20° toward the image receptor. What is this radiographic position?

A patient is erect with the right side of the body against the IR. The beam enters the left side and exits the right. What specific position is this?

What is the name of the projection in which the CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface?

A projection using a CR angle of 10 degrees or more along the long axis of the body or body part is called an ______ projection.

The specific position that demonstrates the apices of the lungs without superimposition of the clavicles is called the ______ position.

What is the general term for a position in which the long axis of the body is angled in relationship to the image receptor rather than the central ray (e.g., special chest projection)?

True or False: The term varus describes the bending of a part outward.

The patient's head and neck are hyperextended with the top of the skull directly against the image receptor. The central ray enters just below the chin. Which specific projection has been performed?

The opposite of radial deviation is ______.

Moving the foot and toes downward is:

The opposite of inversion is ______.

The opposite term for supination is:

Movement in the form of a circle is the definition for:

What is the difference between proximal and distal?

List the three types of information that should be on every radiographic image.

What is the minimum number of projections when joints are involved?

What is the minimum number of projections taken 90 degrees from each other?

A patient enters the emergency department (ED) with a piece of wire in the palm of the hand. What is the minimum number of projections required to be taken for this radiographic study?

Which of the following radiographic procedures often only requires a single AP projection be taken?

What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the femur?

What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the right hip?

A young child with a fractured forearm refuses to move the arm after one projection confirms the fracture. What is the minimum number of projections for this forearm study?

PA or AP oblique projections are placed on the view box with the patient's right side of the body facing the viewer's right.

When placing radiographs of the lower leg, the toes of the foot must be pointing upward.

When viewing a CT (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) image, the patient's right is facing the viewer's left.

List the four image quality factors of a radiograph (4th is hard)

Which of the following is not one of the four image quality factors of an analog radiograph?

Which of the following factors primarily controls radiographic density in the analog image?

If the distance between the x-ray tube and IR is increased from 40 to 80 inches with other factors unchanged, what is the effect on radiographic density?

True or False: kV must be altered to change radiographic density on the IR image.

When analog images using manual technique settings are under- or overexposed, a minimum change in mAs of ______ is required to make a visible difference in density.

A radiograph of the hand is underexposed and nondiagnostic. The following analog (film screen) exposure factors were used: 50 kV, 2 mAs, 40-inch (102 cm) SID. Which of the following sets of exposure factors should be used during the repeat exposure?

What side of the x-ray beam is more intense due to the anode heel effect?

Which of the following radiographic studies would best benefit by applying the anode heel effect?

List three common types of compensating filters.

Which compensating filter is used commonly for AP projections of the thoracic spine?

Which compensating filter permits soft tissue and bony detail of the shoulder to be equally visualized?

A foot radiograph made with analog cassettes demonstrates too little density. The original exposure was 5 mAs. What mAs is needed to correct it?

What is the primary controlling factor for radiographic contrast?

What is the main controlling factor of radiologic contrast?

What type of radiographic contrast is produced with a high (120) kV technique?

True or false: High contrast requires a low kVp, such as 50-60 kVp.

Which exposure factors give the least patient exposure and long scale contrast on a PA chest image?

If an anatomic part measures greater than ______, a grid must be used.

List the three geometric factors that control or influence image resolution.

In order to take a sharp, high definition image (good quality spatial resolution), the technologist must set:

Which of the following controlling factors will most affect radiographic resolution?

The term that describes the unsharp edges of the projected image is ______.

True or False: Every radiographic image reflects some degree of penumbra or unsharpness, even if the smallest focal spot size is used.

The greatest contributor to image unsharpness related to positioning is ______.

A radiograph of the abdomen demonstrates involuntary motion caused by bowel peristalsis (involuntary contractions). Which of the following factors will best eliminate this problem during the repeat exposure?

Which of the following changes will improve spatial resolution?

True or false: Magnification is a form of distortion.

True or False: Distortion is reduced when the CR is kept perpendicular to the plane of the IR.

True or False: As the distance between the object and the IR is increased, magnification is reduced.

The wide dynamic range of digital imaging systems results in fewer repeat exposures, increased efficiency, and operating cost reduction as compared with analog (film screen) systems.

Highly complex mathematical formulas applied during digital processing of the image are termed:

Contrast in the digital image is primarily affected by:

Exposure latitude with digital imaging is more ______ when compared with analog imaging.

List the six image quality factors used to evaluate a digital image.

Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on the brightness of the digital image?

The ability of a digital imaging system to distinguish between similar tissues is the definition for:

The number of shades of gray that can be demonstrated by each pixel is the definition for:

List the two pixel sizes used in digital imaging.

In addition to acquisition pixel size, spatial resolution in the digital image is controlled by the ______.

Exposure indicator is a numeric value that is representative of the level of exposure the image receptor has acquired.

List the four factors that affect the exposure indicator in the digital image.

If the recommended exposure indicator range for a well-exposed image is 150 to 250, what does a value of 350 indicate?

When insufficient mAs is used to produce a digital image, it produces a ______ SNR image.

The application of specific image processing to increase the visibility of the image margins is the definition for:

The application of specific image processing to reduce noise in an image is termed:

The photostimulable storage phosphor (PSP) imaging plate is light sensitive and must be processed in a dark environment.

When using a PSP image plate, patient data can be linked to the image by a ______.

The latent image on a PSP image plate is read by a ______ within the CR reader.

Which of the following energy sources will erase any residual latent image from an exposed PSP imaging plate?

Lead masking/mats should be used when recording multiple images on the same cassette-based PSP system.

True or False: Fifty percent of the IP must be exposed to produce a correct reading of the image.

True or False: The use of grids is optional with PSP because the IP is not as sensitive to scatter radiation as analog radiography.

Charged couple device (CCD) systems have the potential to produce diagnostic radiographs with low levels of exposure.

As a general rule, exposure factors are decreased 5 to 10 kV with digital systems as compared with analog imaging systems.

PACS stands for ______.

A network system with an array of hardware and software that connects all imaging modalities is termed a(n):

DICOM stands for ______.

A standard that ensures that all digital imaging equipment can communicate with each other is referred to as:

What is the complete term for RIS?

Which radiation unit is used to measure the amount of ionizations created in air?

Which radiation unit of measurement is used to describe absorbed dose?

One gray equals 1000 rads.

What is the whole body effective dose limit per year for a technologist?

What is the cumulative dose limit for a 35-year-old technologist?

The cumulative (ED) lifetime dose for an occupationally exposed worker is _____ (insert answer) mSv × years of age.

The annual occupational dose limit for the lens of the eye is:

Personnel monitoring devices must be worn if there is a possibility of acquiring ______ of the annual occupational dose limit.

ALARA stands for ______.

What is the maximum dose limit to the embryo/fetus of a pregnant technologist per month?

What is the maximum dose limit to the embryo/fetus of a pregnant technologist for the entire gestational period?

True or False: With accurate and close collimation, area shields do not need to be used.

Collimators must be accurate to within ______ of the selected SID.

The adjustable collimator light field must be accurate within 5% of the selected SID.

Positive beam limitation (PBL) collimators restrict the size of the exposure field to the size of the ______ in the Bucky tray.

The minimum thickness of a gonadal shield placed within the primary x-ray field is ______ lead equivalent.

If placed properly, gonadal shields absorb ______ of the primary beam in the 50-100 kV range.

When correctly placed, gonadal shielding will reduce gonadal dose by ____ (insert answer) if gonads are in the primary x-ray field.

An area shield should be used when radiation-sensitive tissues lie within ______ of the primary beam.

What type of protective shield is not in contact with the patient's body?

Must area shields be used for all radiographic procedures with all patients?

What is the minimum lead equivalency recommended for a protective apron worn during fluoroscopy?

Which of the following precautions reduces radiation exposure to the technologist during a fluoroscopic procedure to the greatest degree?

What are the three cardinal principles for radiation protection?

Which of the following is not one of the cardinal principles of radiation protection?

True or False: If the exposure indicator value is outside the suggested range for that procedure, the projection must be repeated.

Where is the best place for a tech to stand during a fluoroscopy procedure to reduce occupational exposure?

What is the federal limit for exposure rates for intensified fluoroscopy units?

Which projection provides the greatest amount of dose to the ovaries?

Which of the following patient dose categories carries the highest numerical value of all patient doses?

Which of the following radiographic projections will provide the greatest amount of effective dose to a female patient (without shielding)?

The minimum radiation dose that will produce temporary skin injury is ______.

SID stands for ______.

The effect of SID on density is explained by the ______ law.

The ______ effect is the greater intensity of radiation from the cathode end than from the anode end of the x-ray tube.

What percentage must be changed in the kVp to have the same affect similar to doubling the mAs?

What is the 15% rule?

Starting at 80 kVp and 10 mAs, which technique gives about the same receptor exposure as 80 kVp at 20 mAs?

The amount of energy deposited in a material per unit mass by ionizing radiation, measured in gray, is the ______ dose.

Which dose measures radiation dose to a specific tissue while accounting for the type of radiation and how damaging it is?

Which dose estimates overall biological risk to the whole body by considering the sensitivity of different tissues?

Which quantity measures the energy transferred from x-ray photons to charged particles in air?

Which dose estimates overall risk to the whole body?

What is the difference between absorbed dose and equivalent dose?

What unit is typically used when recording patient dose after fluoroscopy?

TLD stands for ______.

OSL stands for ______.

What are the two major forms of x-ray tube filtration?

What is the difference between inherent and added filtration?

Why is aluminum added to harden the beam?

Which type of area shield is best for a sterile procedure?

True or False: The 10-day rule is still considered valid by the ICRP and ACR.

The Image Wisely program is focused on reducing unnecessary exposure in children during imaging procedures.

What is the difference between Image Wisely and Image Gently?

Body habitus is the build, physique, and general ______ of the body.

What percentage of the population has a sthenic body habitus?

What percentage of the population has a hyposthenic body habitus?

What percentage of the population has an asthenic body habitus?

What percentage of the population has a hypersthenic body habitus?