political authority

January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles

When and where was the Second Reich declared?

Catholic section of Prussian culture ministry closed

What was closed in 1871?

- 1815-98
- Junker from Brandenburg (state holding Berlin)
- Ill throughout his life
- Paranoid and untrusting

- 1797-1888
- Fought in Napoleonic wars
- Old-fashioned and courteous

1862, Prussia

When did Bismarck become Minister President, and of where?

The North German Confederation

What was formed in 1867?

- 26 states
- Federal nation
- Democratic constitution

- Alsace-Lorraine = French
- North Schleswig = Danish
- East Prussia = Polish

Bavaria, Württemberg & Saxony

Which German states retained their monarchies?

Federal governments

Imperial government

- Prussia controlled 2/3 territory
- Prussia's territorial population made up 3/5 the total population
- Prussia had 17/58 Bundesrat seats (nearly 30%)
- The imperial army and bureaucracy of the empire was based on Prussia's

- Authoritarian
- 'Three-class' voting system
- Militant
- Administratively efficient

holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion

- Hereditary
- King of Prussia
- Command of army
- Controls foreign policy
- Final say in constitutional matters
- Elected/dismissed Chancellor

- Chancellor - appointed/dismissed by Kaiser
- Ministers - appointed/dismissed by Kaiser & Chancellor
- Decided outlines of policies with Bundesrat & Kaiser

- 58 representatives from states, proportional to size
- Run by Chancellor
- Initiation/approvalejection of legislation

- Universal male suffrage
- Elections every 3 years
- Question/agreeeject laws
- Cannot amend laws
- Control of budget

The group of people whose job it is to carry out the work of the government

Civil service

A right or privilege (exclusive to the Crown)

Prerogative

Military government; suspensions of ordinary legal processes

Duty of Kaiser 'to prepare and publish the laws of the Empire and to supervise their execution'

What was Article 17 of the Constitution?

Stable working relationship; Wilhelm very reliant on Bismarck and his abilities

International trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.

Dispersing power and authority away from the central government.

- 1867
- Protestant middle class
- Support unification
- Support free trade
- 1875< became more Conservative

Profile the National Liberals (5)

- 1870
- German Catholics
- Strong in south and Rhineland
- Conservative and liberal simultaneously

Profile the Zentrum party (4)

- 1875
- Represents working class and worked with trade unions

Profile the SPD (2)

- 1876
- Protestant & aristocratic landowners
- Most right-wing
- Dominant in the Landtag

Profile the German Conservative Party (4)

- 1871
- Industrialists and businessmen
- Strong supporters of BM

Profile the Free Conservative Party (3)

- Believed in constitution
- Not supportive of BM
- Want more powerful RS

Profile the Fortschrittspartei (3)

The separate German states

Länder

Bismarck, and similar to NGC of 1867

- Designed the constitution in his favour
- Maintained his authoritarian style of rule
- Threatened to resign
- Shifted his support base from party to party

- Ultimately answerable to the Kaiser
- Could not levy direct taxes
- Could not ignore the Reichstag and needed its support
- Often away from Berlin due to his ill health