US Transportation History: Five Epochs

What are the 5 stages of Borchert's Urbanization Development?

What is the first stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?

What is the second stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?

What is the third stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?

What is the fourth stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?

What is the fifth stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?

the central city and the surrounding built up subsurbs

An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.

-An urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000
-the country within which the city is located, adjacent counties with a high population density and large % of residents working in the central city's county

an area that links together several metropolitan areas to form one huge urban area

urban settlement with a total population in excess of 10 million people

-has more than 20 million people
-only 3 of the 11 metacities are in developed countries: Tokyo, Seoul, New York

when a business obtains services or products used in manufacturing, such as parts for a television set, from an outside (often overseas) supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs

-companies that conduct most of their business outside of the country in which they are incorporated
-these companies are also known as non-resident companies

When the manufacturers of products decide what to produce, how much to produce, and the price of the product.

When retailers determine what the manufacturer will produce, how much to produce and the price of the product
-hamlets
-villages
-towns
-cities
-megacities

How would you rank the following from smallest to largest: town, cities, megacities, hamlets, villages, metacities?

-a hierarchy that puts cities in ranks from small first-order cities, upward to fourth-order cities, which are large, world-class cities
-the higher the order of the city, the greater the sphere of influence that the city possesses on a global scale
-City's economics are ranked more heavily than political or cultural factors

In urban hierarchy, what factor of the city is ranked more heavily than political or cultural factors?

The most important cities as defined by Saskia Sassen, based on their economic, cultural, and political important: New York City, London, and Tokyo
-finance, insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy, and marketing
-has multinational corporations
-has financial headquarters, stock exchange, and major financial institutions
-trade+economy
-has its own decision making power
-innovation
-global networks
-high % of residents employed in services sector and info sector
-high diversity

What are some of the typical characteristics of world cities?

-cities in second tier, which have impressive economic and political clout
-ex: Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington D.C., U.S., Frankfurt, Milan, Hong Kong, Singapore, etc.

-cities in the next order after alpha world cities that each have a unique feature within their region
-ex: San Francisco, Boston, Atlanta, Sydney, Toronto, Zurich, Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, etc.

-cities in the next order after beta world cities
-ex: Amsterdam, Dallas, Melbourne, Dusseldorf, Jakarta, Osaka, Caracas, Geneva, Johannesburg, Prague, etc.

What must the central place theory represent?

-a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area
-it is also located to maximize accessibility from the surrounding area
-these types of places compete against each other to serve as markets for goods and services and this creates a regular pattern of settlements

What type of regions does the central place theory most apply to?

the area surrounding a service from which consumers are attracted to

What type of region is a market area a good example of?

Where do people like to get most of their services from?

If people are closer to the periphery of a market area, then where do people go to obtain services?

What shape is used in the central place theory to represent market areas?

What two factors determine the size of a market area?
-the max distance people are willing to travel to use a service

What is the range of a service area?

What types of services are people willing to travel only a short distance for?

What types of services are people willing to travel long distances for?

What is the relationship between how long people are willing to travel for a service and the range of the service?

Why must the range of a service be modified?

What is the threshold of a service?

What is the central place?

Why are hexagons used to represent a central place and market area?

When determining the threshold of a service, what is considered?

What happens to centrally located cities that attract merchants and traders?

Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.

-occurs in MDC's, where geographers observe that ranking settlements from largest to smallest (population wise) produces a regular pattern or hierarchy
-it is basically where, in which the country's n'th largest settlement is 1/n of the population of the largest settlement
-ex: largest city has pop. of 1000, then 5th largest city population is 200 (1/5 * 1000)

What does the distribution of settlements in the U.S. follow?

What can we assume if the settlement hierarchy in a country does not graph as a straight line?

the largest settlement (the primate city) has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

the largest city in the country in the primate city rule

What are some examples of primate cities?

Do many LDC's follow the rank size rule or primate city rule? Which one fails at lower levels in the hierarchy?

What impact does the existence of rank-size rule have on the quality of life or a country's inhabitants? Why?
-magnetic attraction for businesses, services, and people (cumulative effect)
-can attract international trade and business
-centralize transportation and communication

What are the advantages of a primate city?
-urban-rural inequalities
-imbalance in development
-concentration of power
-has a parasitic effect, sucking wealth, natural and human resources into city

What are the disadvantages of a primate city?

Which city in the world, displays one of the largest features of a primate city?

What is a periodic market?

How does the periodic market work, and where is it located?

Who does periodic markets supply goods to?
-it makes services available in more villages than would otherwise be possible, at least on a part-time basis

What is the purpose of a periodic market?

Is there any true primate city in the U.S.? Why?
-since they're often the centers of jobs and development, which can subtract wealth distribution from other parts of the country
-job declines in other parts of countries cause heavy migration to primate city
-as a result, primate city becomes a center of pollution, crime, and unemployment

What are the negatives of primacy and using a primate city?
-you can find the best doctors, hotels, or colleges in the country there
-increased tourism
-increased global trade

What are the positives of primacy and using a primate city?

What is the main idea of a primate city?

What is the condition that must be checked to see if a city is actually a primate city?
-often they are colonial cities (colonial powers established and invested in one city only)
-strong centralized government (for example, France is a unitary state and has Paris as a primate city)
-industrial agglomeration (almost all industries go to this city)

What creates primate cities?
-economic development can occur in the city as they attract oversea businesses and the city development can help the country as a whole
-attractive places of migration

What are the advantages of a primate city?
-housing shortages
-traffic congestion
-crime and pollution
-urban area is much richer than rural areas

What are the disadvantages of a primate city?
-Paris (9.6 million) with its second largest city, Marseilles (only 1.3 million)
-London has 7 million with its second largest city, Birmingham, with only 1 million

What are some examples of primate cities?

-a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings
-size and width vary, but basic types of rings appear in all cities in the same order
-ring 1: central business district: retail and office activities are clustered, non-residential
-ring 2: zone in transition: contains industry and poorer-quality housing (immigrants)
-ring 3: zone of working class homes: older houses, stable, working-class families
-ring 4: zone of better residences: newer, more special houses for middle class families
-ring 5: commuter's zone: beyond continuous built up area of a city

What is in ring one of the concentric zone model?

What is ring 2 of the concentric zone model?
-zone of working class homes: older houses, stable, working class families

What is ring 3 of the concentric zone model?

What is ring 4 of the concentric zone model?

What is ring 5 of the concentric zone model?

-describes how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increases
-different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center
-land users all compete for the most accessible land within the CBD
-the amount land users are willing to pay is called "bid-rent" and the result is a pattern of concentric rings of land use, CREATING THE CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
-because it is traditionally the most accessible location for a large population

Why is the inner core/CBD of the concentric zone model so valuable?

What happens in the concentric zone model, as one travels farther out from the CBD?

What is mainly located in the CBD? What is not located there?

What is mainly located in the concentric zone model as you get farther from the CBD? What isn't located there?

-city develops in a series of sectors, not rings
-certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities because of environmental factor or by chance
-as city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or sector, from the center
-once a district is established, new additions are built on edge of the district and extend further out from the center

-developed by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman
-a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve
-examples of nodes: port, neighborhood business center, university, airport, park
-activities are attracted to particular nodes,w ehreas others try to avoid the
-for example, the university node may attract well educated residents, bookstores, pizza places, or the airport node might attract hotels, etc.
-heavy industry and high class housing RARELY exist in the same neighborhood

-also known as the peripheral model
-developed by Harris around sometime in 1960
-Reflected the growth of suburbs
-large suburban residential or suburban nodes or nuclei tied together by a beltway or ring road
-edge cities: a node of office and retail activity on the edge of an urban area

a node of office and retail activity on the edge of an urban area

the study of where people of varying living standards, ethnic backgrounds, and lifestyle live within an urban area

What does social area analysis help do?

Where does the data for a social area analysis come from?

Urban areas containing more (or equal to) 5,000 people that correspond to neighborhood boundaries

How is the location of where the wealthy live in Europe different from where they live in the U.S.?

Are lower-income people more or less likely to live in the inner city in Europe? Why?

-An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures
-they're characterized by extreme poverty
-they were laid out surrounding a religious core such as a church or mosque
-government buildings and the homes of wealthy families surrounded the inner city, and families with less wealth and lower status located farther from the core, and recent migrants to the city lived on the edge

How were urban areas like before they got colonized by European countries?
-the main transportation is walking and using horses
-relies on the bid-rent theory where land is cheaper towards the CBD
-show more intensive use closer and more use further from CBD
-poorer people must live closer to the CBD to walk, meaning they live very densely

What are the key points of the Burgess Concentric Zone Model?
-the main transportation is a streetcar
-shows wedges of similar areas, sectors, radiate from CBD along streetcar lines
-affordable transportation allows city to expand
-poor cluster near factories, streetcar lines

What are the key points of the Hoyt Sector Model?
-main transportation is car
-CBD continues to lose importance as edge cities develop and when edge cities develop clusters of economic activity outside CBD, causing an increase in complexity and decentralization
-cities continue to sprawl with transportation

What are the key points of the Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model?
-main transportation are cars on the interstate
-occurs when sprawl, decentralization, and sub-urbanization at their greatest extent
-lack of taxable economic activity, leaves many cities poor, leading to mergers like the Louisville-Jefferson county
-most urban areas become almost entirely dependent on cars for transportation

What are the key points of the galactic cityrban realms model?

What can models change with?

-the main comparison is that the spine extends from the CBD surrounded by high-class residents and connects to the mall
-created by: Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford in the 1980's
-"Periferico" zones are slums, squatter settlements, or shantytowns that contain lower-class people
-it is the opposite of North American models; the further the people are away fro the CBD, the poorer the people
-the model show where the rich and poor are located in relation to the spine
-there's a high-class difference
-the gentrification zone is where the preserved historical buildings are located
-ex of cities that follow this model: Buenos Aires, Argentina; Bogota, Colombia; Santiago, Chile; Caracas, Venezuela; Havana, Cuba; Mexico City, Mexico

-the main comparison is that there are 3 CBD's: Colonial, Market, and Traditional
-the colonial CBD has aspects of European cities, because it is from when the city was colonized
-the traditional CBD is where vertical integration occurs
-the market is basically an open-air market
-the CBDs are surrounded by ethnic neighborhoods that represent the different types of ethnic groups of that region before it became urbanized
-outside of the neighborhoods are the industrial zones
-the poverty is spread throughout the city, meaning that there isn't much of a class difference at all
-the informal satellite townships are the slums/squatter settlements of the African cities
-examples of cities that follow this model are:Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

-the main comparison is that the cities have a port zone near bodies of water
-created by T.G. McGee in 1967
-there is no actual CBD but instead it is dispersed throughout the city
-there is a very large middle-class population in the alien commercial zones
-the higher-class citizens live on the right edge of the city by the government zone and away from any industrial areas or commercial areas
-there is a specific zone for slums and new suburbs right above the middle-class area, the suburbs and squatter areas are right next to each other
-the different zones represent the dispersed CBD: western commercial, alien commercial, mixed land-use, and government
-alien commercial areas are home to Asian merchants
-newer industrial parts are located on the outskirts of the city
-examples of cities that follow this model are Hong Kong, China; Manila, Philippines; Jakarta, Indonesia; Beijing, China

What is the result of gentrification?

What is suburban sprawl?

What are the environmental consequences of suburban sprawl?

How does sprawl affect people and the developing world?

Why are people choosing to live in "sprawled" suburbs rather than closer to downtown?

What are some financial costs associated with urban sprawl?

How can brownfields be redeveloped, and what is the benefit in doing so?

What accounts for the most energy use in cities in high-income countries?

What accounts for the most energy use in middle-income countries?

What accounts for the most energy use in Asian cities?

-drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which financial firms refuse to loan money
-as a result of this, families who try to fix up houses in the area have difficulty borrowing money
-can also include denial of other services such as health care, supermarkets, etc.
-although redlining is illegal, enforcement of laws against it is frequently difficult
-this has contributed to long term decline of low-income, inner-city neighborhoods and the continuation of ethnicity minority enclaves

the practice of persuading owners to sell property cheaply because of the fear of people of another race or class moving into the neighborhood, and this profiting by reselling at a higher price

What occurred between 1900 and 1970 that was related to blockbusting?
-hiring black women to be seen pushing baby carriages in white neighborhoods, so encouraging white fear of devalued property
-hiring black youth to stage street brawls in white homes to generate feelings of an unsafe atmosphere selling a house to a black family in a middle-class white neighborhood to provoke white flight, before the community's properties decline considerably
-selling white neighborhood houses to black families, and afterwards placing real estate agent business cards in the neighbors' mailboxes, and saturating the neighborhood area with fliers offering quick cash for houses

What were the tactics included in the blockbusting from 1900 to 1970?

-the sudden or gradual large-scale migration of white people from areas becoming more racially or ethnoculturally diverse
-occurred between 1950s and 1960s
-large-scale migration from racially mixed urban regions to move racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions

-a program of land redevelopment often used to address urban decay in cities
-cities identify ruined inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocated the residents and businesses, clear the site, and build new roads and facilities
-the land is then turned to private developers or to public agencies, such as the board of education of the parks department, to construct new buildings or services
-architectural upgrading, remodeling landscapes and rehabilitating houses could result in safer streets, better mobility, improved aesthetics, and stronger social cohesion (all of which are linked to positive health outcomes)
-increases in property values and lifestyle costs lead to social exclusion, gentrification and displacement of long term residents of lower socio-economic (SES) levels

What are the effects of urban renewal?

the process of changing the character of a neighborhood through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses
-increasing property values or as properties are renovated, they rise in value
-stimulating new businesses and/or investment. New businesses are attracted to the area due to increased incomes of new residents and/or increased tourism
-new employment either in construction (short term) or in the new businesses that open (longer term)
-changing cultural landscape as a result of restoration efforts, aesthetic improvement of older or decaying structures, neighborhood rehabilitation, or historical preservation of structures or neighborhoods
-improvement in business services and consumer, resident, or visitor amenities (e.g. young, diverse, "cool city" factor)

What are the pros of gentrification?
-displacement due to rising poverty values and rents; impacting less affluent elderly, or marginalized groups
-changing cultural landscape as modern or contemporary buildings take the place of traditional/historic architecture
-increased social tension due to changes in neighborhood characteristics, diversity, and opportunities
-displacement may lead to increased homelessness
-changing businesses as small, locally-owned businesses are replaced with nationallobal chains franchises or companies with prohibitively expensive goods and services

What are the cons of gentrification?
-affordable housing programs
-rent control
-public housing developments
-require developers to add affordable housing units
-historical preservation laws
-enforce historical preservation laws to maintain character
-city government can purchase rights of buildings
-urban planning or zoning
-ensure planning involves participation of entire community

What can be done to prevent gentrification?

What is suburban sprawl?
-as demand for single-family detached housing increases, land on the fringes of urban areas must be converted to houses

Why is suburban sprawl inefficient?
-reduces ability of city dwellers to access country for recreation

What are impacts that suburbs have on increased land use?

Why are suburbs segregated?

-encourage spatial separation by preventing mixing of land uses within the same district
-in particular, single-family houses, apartments, industries, and commerce were kept apart because the location of one activity near another was considered unhealthy and inefficient

-A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core
-contains more than 385 people per square kilometer

Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.

a permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services

-main purpose is to provide services to individual consumers who desire and can pay for them
-1/2 of all jobs in the U.S. are for these services
-4 types of this service: retail, health, education, and leisure

-main purpose is to facilitate activities of other businesses
-1/4 of all jobs in the U.S. are for these services
-3 main types of this service: professional services, transportation services, and finance services

-main purpose is to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses
-1/10 of all U.S. jobs are for these services
-if educators are excluded, then 1/6 of public sector emplyees work for the federal government
-growth has been in services, while employment in primary and secondary sector activities has declined
-in business services, jobs have expanded in professional services quickly and in transportation and finance services due to improved efficiency through technology

What is the changing service employment like in the U.S.?

What is the central place theory?

What is a central place?

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.

Which type of region are market areas good examples of?

Why do geographers use hexagons to delineate market areas?

How many daily urban systems are in Idaho?

How many of the 4 daily urban systems that are in Idaho, cross into other states?

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service; radius of the circle or hexagon drawn to show a service's market area
-people are willing to go only a short distance for everyday consumer services such as groceries/pharmacies
-people will travel longer distance for other services such as a concert/professional sports game (hence, convenience stores have a small range while stadiums have a large range)

What are 3 unique characteristics about human behavior regarding range?

the minimum # of people needed to support a service

Other than convenience stores and fast-food restaurants, what is another services that appeals to everyone?

From the following services, which only applies to CERTAIN/SPECIFIC people:
-jewelry store
-convenience store
-sports games
-restaurants/fast food restaurants

What is the relationship between the size of a settlement and the nesting (range and threshold) of its services?

a pattern of settlements in a country such tha the nth largest settlement is (1/n) times the population of the largest settlement

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

a city that is the largest settlement in a country and has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

What is the impact of the absence rank-size rule in developing countries? Does having only one or two large cities and villages nearly everywhere else in the country, negatively affect the different aspects of the country?

Who created the concentric zone model?

Who created the sector model?

What does the sector model explain why certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities?

According to the sector model, as a city grows, in what pattern do activities expand? Where do they expand from?

What happens in the sector model, as the district with high-income housing is established?

According to the concentric zone model, how does a city grow?

Where is the best housing in the sector model?

Where are industrial and retailing activities in the city in the sector model?

Who developed the multiple-nuclei model?
-A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities resolve

What does the multiple-nuclei model state?

Does the multiple-nuclei model include a single or multiple center(s)?
-port
-neighborhood business center
-university
-airport

What are some examples of the nodes in the multiple-nuclei model?
-Incompatible land-use activities avoid clustering in the same locations

What does the multiple-nuclei model state in terms of the compatibility of the land use of different activities?

What lies on beltways?

What are the nodes of consumer and business services around beltways called (remember that these are places that were originally suburban residences for people who worked in the central city and then shopping malls are built there)?

the study of where people of varying living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.

What are three types of data reported by the U.S. Census Bureau regarding the population of each census tract?
-the fail to consider the reason that lead people to select particular residential locations

What are the limitations of the sector model, concentric zone model, and multiple-nuclei model?
-it helps us to describe where different people live in a city (people live in different locations depending on their personal characteristics)

What can we deduce by combining the concentric zone model, sector model, and multiple-nuclei model instead of considering them independently?
-residences have close to 20 times as many inhabitants as as CBDs in North America
-more people live in Europe's CBDs because they're attracted to consumer services
-most prominent structures in Europe are public and semi-public services

What are some ways in which a European CBD differs from a North American CBD?

When Europeans gained control of much of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, what factor left a heavy mark on many cities?

-laws explained how colonial cities would be constructed with a gridiron street plan centered around a church add central plaza
-walls around houses and neighborhoods built around smaller, central plazas with churches or monestaries
-narrow, winding streets; little open space; cramped residences

-was the location for colonial services such as administration, military command, international trade, and housing from European colonists
-wider streets, public squares
-larger houses were surrounded by gardens
-low population density

a residential area where housing has been built on land to which the occupants have no legal claim or hasn't been built to the city's standards for legal buildings
-few services
-homes are made from scavenged cardboard, wood boxes, sackcloth, and crushed beverage cans
-water carried away from central well or dispersed from truck
-latrines designated by the settlement leaders
-electricity may be stolen by running a wire from a power line to the settlement

What are the services and amenities like in squatter settlements/informal settlements?

Which type of city does DeBlij's model apply to?

-developed by Harm DeBlij
-it is a type of CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
-inner rings house higher-income people and house the most attractive residential areas since they're near business and consumer services and offer vital public services
-city growth in LDCs = rings being added on the periphery for immigrants that come from rural areas
-housing in outer rings is in the form of informal/squatter settlements

What happens in DeBlij's model of a Sub-saharan African city as an LDC city grows?

What is the housing in the outer rings like the DeBlij's model of a Sub-Saharan African City?

Why do inner rings house higher income people and house the most attractive residential areas in Deblij's model of a sub-saharan African City?

-developed by Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford
-it is a type of SECTOR MODEL
-showed that in Latin American cities, elites push out from the center in a well-defined elite residential sector
-elite sector forms on both sides of a narrow spine that has offices, shops, and amenities that attract elites such as restaurants, theaters, parks, zoos, etc.
-also, elites are attracted to the spine since it has many public services
-the wealthy and middle class don't live near sectors of "disamenities", which are land uses that are noisy, polluting, or just house poor people
-example of city that follows this model is Sao Paulo, Brazil

According to Griffin-Ford's model of a Latin American city, where do the elites live?

According to Griffin-Ford's model of a Latin American city, where does the elite sector form and what does it have?

According to Griffin-Ford's model of a Latin American city, why are elites attracted to live along the narrow spine that contains all the amenities they need?

According to Griffin-Ford's model of a Latin American city, why don't the wealthy and middle-class live near locations of "disamenities"?

-developed by T.G. McGee
-superimposes on concentric zones, that there are several nodes of squatter/informal settlements and that there are alien zones, where foreigners live and work (usually Chinese people)
-doesn't have a strong CBD, but instead, the various functions of the CBD are dispersed to several nodes
-founded by Azecs and they called it Tenochtitlan and it was on Chapultepec Hill
-they were forced by others to leave the hill and hence, they moved to an island in Lake Texcoco
-node of religion was the Great Temple
-three causeways with bridges linked Tenochtitlan to mainland and helped control flooding
-aquaduct brought water from Chapultepec
-canals conducted the transportation of goods which were carried on boats

What was pre-colonial Mexico City like?
-Spain conquered Tenochtitlan in 1521
-they destroyed Tenochtitlan and killed its inhabitants
-it was rebuilt and renamed as Mexico City
-built around a main square called the Zocalo on the Aztec's sacred precinct in the center of the island

What was colonial Mexico City like?
-population grew from 500,000 in 1900 to 21 million in the urban area in 2015
-Late Texcoco was drained by the canal, allowing the city to expand north and east
-the dried up lake is now a less desirable location due to dust storms
-the reforma between downtown and Chapultepec became the spine of an elite sector
-palaces were built along this sector

What is independent Mexico City like?

a group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of more developed society because of a variety of social and economic hardships
-inner city residents can't compete because fewer than 1/2 complete highschool

What is inadequate job skills like in cities?
-unwed mothers give birth to 2/3 of babies in the U.S. inner cities
-inadequate child care
-single mothers are forced to choose between working and staying home

What is the culture of poverty like in cities?
-people are homeless because they can't afford housing
-people don't get regular incomes
-homelessness is usually sparked by job loss and family problems

What is homelessness like in cities?
-rates have increased rapidly in the inner city
-drug users obtain money through criminal activities

What is the drug problem like in cities?
-murder is common in the inner-city
-minorities commit murder

What is the crime problem like in cities?
-inner city lacks police, fire protection, shops, hospitals, clinics, other health care facilities

What is the problem of inadequate services like in cities?
-low income residents need services but can't pay taxes for them

What is the problem with municipal finances in cities?

-a process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment
-when rent payed to the landlord becomes less than the cost of maintenance and taxes, the building starts to deteriorate and grows unfit for occupancy

What are the consequences of filtering (a process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment)?

-A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries
-results in a lack of money for families to fix their houses

What is the consequence of redlining (a process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries)?

the process of converting an urban neighborhood from a pre-dominantly low-income renter-occupied to a pre-dominantly middle class, owner-occupied area

What three groups are attracted to gentrified areas and why?
-houses are larger and less expensive
-houses are more attractive
-less commuting

What are the four reasons for why inner-city neighborhoods are attractive?

Why has gentrification (the process of converting an urban neighborhood from a pre-dominantly low-income renter-occupied to a pre-dominantly middle class, owner-occupied area) been criticized?

Government-owned housing rented to low-income individual, with rents set at 30 percent of the tenant's income.

What is the purpose of public housing?

What is the government's role in public housing?
-due to too many low-income families being concentrated into a high density environment, many crime and drug related came up

What are the disadvantages of public housing?

What has happened to public housing in the U.S. in the past 50 years?
-Boston's Faneuil Hall Marketplace is located in renovated 18th century buildings
-San Francisco's Ferry Building, where San Francisco Bay ferries dock, is a gourmet food center

What are three examples of thriving CBD's that have been revived and why they're doing well?

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
-sharp decrease in the use of the 3 fossil fuels
-increase in the use of renewable energy

What are the three solutions that the U.N. has offered to reduce pollution and fossil fuel dependency?
-congestion charges (for example, in London, motorists pay a congestion charges to drive into a central area between certain times)
-tolls are used in some cities on freeways and they charge more during congested times
-permits are required in some countries/places in order to park/drive in congested places

What are some methods that have been used to control vehicles in order to control fuel usage?
-diesel: diesel engines are more efficient and are used in newer cars in Europe, bu they release nitrogen oxide
-hybrid: a car that has a mix of fuel and electric and this was started by Toyota's release of its hybrid Prius
-ethanol: created by distilling certain crops like corn, but this caused prices of food to go up. Hence, ethanol created from distilling cellulosic biomass such as trees, etc. might be better
-full electric: this proves to be problematic when traveling long distances through rural areas where there's no recharge station
-plug-in hybrid: battery charged by a gas engine while moving or you can park and plug the battery into an outlet

What are some methods that have been used as alternative fuel for vehicles in order to control fuel usage?
-What does the terrain look like?
-What patterns do you see?
-Do you see water?
-Do you see roads?

What are some questions that geographers ask when analyzing patterns related to site?
-what makes this area unique?
-where is this place in RELATION to others?
-is it near water?

What are some questions that geographers ask when analyzing patterns related to situation?

What is the main question that geographers ask when analyzing patterns and looking at the origin of a place?

What do site and situation help us figure out about a place?

What is site?

What is situation?

A location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, trucks, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution.

The farthest point of travel possible by one means of transportation

-a port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution
-ex: Rotterdam, Hong Kong, etc.

town located along a railroad
-is the city a break of bulk point (location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another)
-does the place begin at the head of navigation (the farthest point of travel possible by one means of transportation)
-does the place begin as a an entrepot (a port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution)
-does the place begin because it is a railhead (town located along a railroad)

When considering why a place begins, where it does, what are some site factors to consider?
-changes in transportation and communication (the different epochs in Borchert's epoch model): increases global connectivity, increases trade, increases mobility and growth of cities
-population growth
-migration
-economic development

What led to the growth of modern day cities?

continued population growth that does not slow in response to growth reduction measures

What is the relationship between the rise of population and the growth of cities?

What type of migration helps support urbanization?

What are the government policies like in improving urban living in less developed countries?
-it occurs at a local scale
-it is the growth in urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanse of land
-results in suburbanization and the creation of things like suburbs

What is urban sprawl?
-it occurs at a local scale or national scale

What is suburbanization?

Why people travel to the outer suburbs of cities and why does suburbanization occur?

As suburbanization increases, what type of land decreases?

Prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs.

Why do people move into exurbs (prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs)?

In order for exurbs and suburbs to thrive, what factor of a city must be present there?

Does urban sprawl occur before or after urbanization?

Where does urban sprawl mainly occur?

Where does urbanization mainly occur?

rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city (hence, these types of cities create a new metropolitan form)

What do boomburbs (rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city) lack?

What do boomburbs (rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city) focus heavily on?

What is the main form of transportation in boomburbs?
-traffic congestion
-more urban sprawl (taking over of more farmland and open space)

What are some of the problems that boomburbs have?
-occur at a local scale

What are edge cities?
-the expansion of boomburbs (rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city)

What causes the creation of edge cities?
-since people move to urban areas for jobs and resources

What causes rural to urban migration?

What are megacities?

What are metacities?
-it helps a country become more developed and advanced

What are some of the advantages of urbanization?
-losing farmland
-increased traffic congestion

What are some disadvantages of urbanization?
-in the cities of semi-periphery countries, some of the problems that exist here are squatter settlements/slums, crime, bad living conditions, etc.

Where do most of problems occur in the most populous cities in less developed countries? What problems are there in this place?
-transportation and you're ability to access it based on where you live in the city (periphery, etc.)
-housing production and the fact that the demand cannot keep up with the supply in the periphery of cities in less developed countries
-landscape preferences, where you get less space to live but more access to resources in the city, but as you get farther out from the city, you get more place to live but you have less access to resources

What are some factors of city that you could use to explain the significance of geographic similarities and differences among different locations and/or at different times?

When trying to identify the relationship between population and the growth of megacities in less developed countries, what should you think about?

How do cultural enclaves develop in edge cities and suburbs?

Why are urban areas in nations on the periphery growing at rapid rates?

What is an urban area?

-the rank order of cities based on the population in the nationally defined statistical urban area
-can be represented at national and global scales
-basically, some cities will grow large, there is no perfect sized city, and cities are part of inter-connected network influencing growth

a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
-environment
-culture
-political systems
-economic development and prosperity

What are some of the things that globalization affects?

How does globalization affect population and migration?

How has the location of the largest cities in the world changed from 1950 to today and even later on?

What can play a major role in GDP growth?

What can a play a major role in the growth of a population of a country/place?

a term for SOME, NOT ALL megacities that EMPHASIZES their global impact as centers of economic, political, and social power

-a network where you view the cities as nodes
-view the world economy as the supranodal network level
-producer service firms inside the cities form a subnodal level
-the producer service firms create and inter-locking network through their global location strategies for placing offices
-a world center

What is a global/world city?
-Hong Kong-Shenzhen-Guangzhou economic corridor (integrated networks of infrastructure within a geographical area designed to stimulate economic development) in China
-Kyoto to Osaka to Kobe economic corridor in Japan

What are some examples of global economic networks (economic corridors) of global/world cities (world centers) that exist as a key part of world city network?

-integrated networks of infrastructure within a geographical area designed to stimulate economic development
-may be developed within a country or between countries

two or more large cities in geographical proximity that are linked together through infrastructure and through economic activity (Northeast corridor of the US)

Where are worldlobal cities in the urban hierarchy? What do they do?

Which cities drive globalization?

What are cities around the world connected by? What do these cities do?

What is the global system of agriculture and main elements of global food distribution networks affected by?

What are some of the scales that we can use to analyze patterns?

How does looking at patterns and processes at different scales do for us?

Cultural ideas and practices are socially constructed and change through both small-scale and large-scale processes such as what?

What are communication technologies, such as the internet and the time-space convergence (process, made possible by technological innovations in transportation and communication, by which distant places are brought closer together in terms of the time taken to travel (send messages) between them) doing to the interactions between people?

How does globalization change traditional cultures?

farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year

-the reliance on a single plant species as a food source. -it leads to decreased dietary diversity and carries the risk of malnutrition compared to a more diverse diet

What is extensive agriculture characterized by?

How have global trade networks shifted agriculture to extensive commercial agriculture?

Why do global cities attract more international migrants than smaller places?

How is the global trade market comparable to the labor market?

As urban populations move within a city, what challenges result?
-from socio-economic challenges such not experiencing discrimination when people are buying a home, getting a mortgage, seeking house assistance, or engaging in other house related activities

What did The Fair Housing Act of 1968 protect people from in the U.S.? What did it make illegal?
-it was made possible by the fear of racial integration
-real estate agents encouraged white people to sell their house, which ended up being a loss for the white people
-whites fled to homogeneous suburbs
-then they cheated blacks that moved into the central parts of the city by making them buy the houses above the market rates

What is blockbusting?

What did blockbusting result in?

Were white people, black people, or both groups taken advantage of in blockbusting?

What were the effects of blockbusting on the landscape and city?

-areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons
-they are not desirable to live in
-they could be toxic
-they could be Superfund sites (places that have to be cleaned up by the government because they're so hazardous)
-they could have abandoned factories
-there's a lack of infrastructure
-a residential area developed without legal claims to the land and/or permission from the authorities to build; inadequate infrastructure and services
-they're like slums

What is a squatter settlement?

Have squatter settlements and conflicts over land tenures (how property rights to land are allocated within societies, including how permissions are granted to access, use, control, and transfer land) increased or decreased in large cities over the past years?

-zoning regulations that create incentives or requirements for affordable housing development
-results in affordable housing for low to moderate incomes
-inclusionary zoning (affordable housing for low to moderate incomes)

What have been some responses to economic and social challenges in urban areas?

-Program in which cities identify blighteduined inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the poor residents and other businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers, where it is remodeled
-it clears out slums and squatter settlements

What are the negatives of urban renewal?
-urban renewal ends up remodeling the whole place by tearing down the slums and squatter settlements