Neuroscience: Neurogenesis and Cell Migration

mitosis produces new neurons

divide and move out of ventricular zone to become the embryo for new neuron

cells move to establish distinct populations

help developing neurons move to the right place in developing brain

regulates estrogen and progesterone, activity in GnRH producing neurons controls mentstrual cycle and fertility

regulator of testosterone secretion in testes and influences sperm production

men develop without an olfactory bulb, interferes with GnRH development

cells become distinctive neurons or glial cells when they reach their destination

independent of other cells and driven by genes

differentiation affects by other cells

gene that regulates cell differentiation

amount of sonic hedgehog controls differentiation

motor neuron, controls muscle

inter neuron, makes connections with other neurons

selective death of some nerve cells

meuron turns on a set of genes that result in the production of caspases that destroy the cell (planned)

the neuron dies as a result of an injury or trauma (accidental)

within subject study to track brain development in children via MRI every 2 years for ages 2-8 yrs old

it was observed that people without autism had fewer synapses after ten years, while people with autism had no difference

lack of proteins produced by the promotor region

inhibition of protein synthesis, especially in synthesis

set of neurons found in rhesus monkeys that was active while the monkey grabbed an object and watched another monkey grab the object

use transcranial magnetic simulation to stimulate regions containing motor neurons

young rats learn faster on average than old rats and old rats had more variability than young rats, but some old rats learned just as well as young rats

DNA, RNA, protein, behavior

excessive daytime sleepiness, abnormal REM sleep

muscle weakness triggered by emotion

sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to the collapse of body without losing consciousness

gene mapping

a neuropeptide made in the hypothalamus and released in other parts of the brain

mice that are genetically engineered to lack the function of a single gene

humans were found to not have the receptor mutation

caused by an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks and destroys hypocretin producing cells

mendelian genetics and behavior in foxes

dramatic behavioral changes were observed in just eight generations, also some physical changes

F1 offspring mated with aggressive foxes

F1 offspring mated to tame foxes

F1 offspring mated with other F1

fox lines with more DNA originating from the tame selected line are rated higher for tameness

complete set of genes in an organism

new technology that looks at all the genes in a sequence at once by chopping them up

putting the pieces from the next gen sequencing back together

examine only a single gene, sometimes only one part of a single gene

examine the entire sequence of every gene

the analysis and comparison of genomes from different species

controls how gene is turned on (regulates gene expression)

controls what gene makes (codes for protein)

they don't grow up normally

a specific gene is knocked out by deleting some or all of the coding region

mice that hide by the edges are considered to be more risk averse, mice who explored the center were considered to be more risky

safe/cautious mice stay in the enclosed arms, bolder/exploring mice may venture out to the open arms

both exploring and staying safe are evolutionarily good for their survival

mice lacking both copies of serotonin transporter genes spend less time exploring the center of an open field, and exhibit more anxiety-like behavior

the ability to turn genes on and off at specific time points in development

had little effect on the likelihood that they went into the center/open arms

mice were way less likely to go into the center/open arms, reduced exploration

resulted in reduced exploration

because they can readily cross the placenta's barrier, fetus can be exposed to medication used by the mother

regular periods of low and high activity, heart rate, eye movement, and general movement were coordinated

weaker rhythms, less coordination between heart rates and general movements

stress from mothers reduced the play of the babies, but antidepressants in mothers increased the play of the babies

the principle that simply stopping antidepressant treatments for women with depression carries it own risks

increased risk of substance abuse that will lead to birth defects and correlations with increased risk of psychiatric illness in the child

combination of protein and DNA

the "packing peanuts" of the DNA

the DNA is unwrapped from the histone

a specific kind of chemical change that can affect how easily DNA is unpacked from the histone

transcription factors can bind to promotor to turn gene on

estrogen receptor

pups of high parental care mothers were swapped with pups of low parental care mothers

estrogen receptors resembled those of the foster mom, so those pups showed higher level of maternal care when raising their own pups

the estrogne receptor gene is methylated, higher methylation in low parental care line

a chemical change that reduces the attraction of DNA to the histone