Unit 4 Medieval History Study Guide

A dualist heretical group in southern France, believed the physical world was evil.

The empire ruled by Henry II that stretched from Scotland to southern France.

A rival pope elected in opposition to a sitting pope, usually during a political crisis.

A 1214 battle where Philip II of France defeated England and its allies, shifting European power.

An agreement in 1122 that ended the Investiture Controversy by separating church and imperial powers.

A series of religious wars launched to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Founded the Dominican Order to preach against heresy and emphasize education and teaching.

A crusading English king known for his bravery and leadership during the Third Crusade.

One of the most powerful women of the Middle Ages; queen of both France and England and mother to kings.

A Spanish knight and hero of the Reconquista, famous for fighting both with and against Muslim rulers.

The Church's strongest punishment, cutting a person off from the sacraments and community.

These two orders were founded by St. Francis and St. Clare to serve the poor and live without property.

Also called Barbarossa, he died on the way to the Third Crusade and symbolized imperial strength.

Holy Roman Emperor who challenged the pope's authority, called Stupor Mundi, and was excommunicated multiple times.

A style of architecture featuring pointed arches, tall spires, and stained-glass windows.

An English king known for legal reforms and his conflict with Thomas a Becket.

The Holy Roman Emperor who was humiliated by Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy.

An official church label for beliefs that go against Catholic doctrine.

Conflict between kings and popes over who had the right to appoint bishops.

Younger brother of Richard I; lost land to France and was forced to sign the Magna Carta.

The final Crusader stronghold in the Holy Land, it fell to Muslim forces in 1291.

A charter signed by King John in 1215 that limited royal power and established legal rights.

A climate shift during the High Middle Ages that allowed longer growing seasons and population growth.

Orders like the Franciscans and Dominicans that owned no property and relied on charity.

A French king who clashed with the pope and helped move the papacy to Avignon.

The ruling family of England that included Henry II, Richard I, and King John.

A centuries-long Christian effort to retake Spain from Muslim control.

Crusading English king known for his bravery during the Third Crusade.

A style of architecture with thick walls, rounded arches, and dark interiors.

Muslim general who recaptured Jerusalem and fought against Richard the Lionheart.

Follower of St. Francis who founded a women's order and lived a life of poverty and devotion.

Founded the Dominican Order to preach against heresy and emphasize education and teaching.

French king who led the 7th and 8th Crusades and was later canonized as a saint.

Founded a religious order focused on poverty and preaching; loved nature and the poor.

Church-run courts established to root out and punish heresy.

The period (1309-1377) when the papacy was located in southern France instead of Rome.

The Archbishop of Canterbury murdered in his cathedral after clashing with Henry II.

A heretical group that rejected Church wealth and hierarchy, emphasizing poverty and Scripture.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​