AS Industrial Revolution

In _______ Abraham Darby develops coke-fired iron foundry at coalbrookdale

In _______ Henry Newcomeon develops the first practical steam engine

In _______ John Kay invented the flying shuttle, a vital step towards automatic weaving.

In _______ the Bridgewater Canal opens between Worsley and Manchester

In _______ there is peace with France. Britain’s colonies in North America, The West Indies, and India are secure.

In _______ the Spinning Jenny is invented by James Hargreaves

In the _______ James Watt successfully adapted Newcomen’s engine for other commercial purposes

In _______ Richard Arkwright successfully installs his water mule in a purpose built factory.

In _______ to _______ Henry Cort refines the puddling process in iron production.

In _______ the Luddite outbreak starts

In _______ the Peterloo Massacre occurs

In _______ the Stockton to Darlington railway opens

In _______ the Great Reform Act is introduced, Parliament is reformed.

In _______ the Factory Act is introduced.

In _______ the Tolpuddle Martyrs are sentenced for attempting to form a trade union.

In _______ the New Poor Law is introduced

In _______ the Municipal Corporations Act is introduced

In _______ the People’s Charter is drawn up

In _______ the Public Health Act is introduced

Between _______ and _______ Britain became the first industrialized nation in the world.

In 1750, clothing was made by hand in the home of agricultural workers who created _______ of cloth per week. By 1850, huge steam-powered machines produced _______ per day.

By _______ the majority of the British population lived in Urban areas.

6 reasons why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Britain are:_______

In _______ Abraham Darby develops coke-fired iron foundry at coalbrookdale

Before the enclosure movement, _______ of cultivated land was left _______ each year, which proved to be ineffective and wasteful.

The enclosure movement meant that farming land was joined into larger units of _______ acres or more

Between 1750 and 1800, more than _______ acres of farmland were enclosed which played a huge part in increasing agricultural output.

Enclosures allowed bigger farmland to be farmed _______.

Farmers made greater use of _______ to allow for more usable, nutrient rich, farmland.

Fallow system was replaced with crop rotation. Land would be planted with (4)_______ in a four year cycle. Clovers put nutrients in soil and turnips provided good animal feed.

Selective livestock breeding allowed for farmers to breed animals for specific purposes. E.g. _______. Enclosure movement allowed for these animals to be isolated.

More food enabled a growing urban population to skyrocket, allowing for more factory workers during the industrial revolution. It also produced _______ in the food industry.

There were early developments in _______(3) that allowed the industrial revolution to occur in Britain. The bank of England had been set up in _______.

Britain had an especially strong _______ that allowed them to gather resources and commerce that Britain could not generate.

Overseas slave trade returned Britain _______ on their investment and helped fund other major entreprenurial projects like railroads and canals.

In _______ Abraham Darby develops coke-fired iron foundry at coalbrookdale

In _______, production of goods occurred at home, this was known as the _______.

In 1709, _______ of Coalbrookdale developed a technique to smelt iron ore that used _______, a byproduct of coal, instead of charcoal from wood.

The steam engine generated power using _______ and _______

In _______, _______ developed an atmospheric steam engine, which could pump large quantities of water out of deep mines at a low cost, which allowed for _______.

Thomas Newcomen’s steam engine reduced the price of coal, and doubled the quantity produced: _______ tonnes in 1700 -> _______ tonnes in 1750 -> ______ tonnes in 1800

First major invention in textiles was _______ Flying Shuttle made in _______

The Flying Shuttle _______

Second major invention in textiles was _______ Spinning Jenny, made in _______. It _______.

In 1775 Britain’s cotton cloth production totalled _______ yards. By 1783 it was _______ yards.

The first steamship to cross the atlantic was the _______ in _______

Turnpike Trusts were set up in which people could buy roads, repair them, and maintain them and then charge a fee for use. Between 1750 and 1770, Parliament passed over _______ acts creating turnpike trusts covering over _______ of road which allowed for goods to be delivered faster.

Goods were hard to transport so canals were created. In _______ the Duke of Bridgewater built a canal from his coal mines in Worsley to the center of the growing industrial city of Manchester.

Between _______ and _______, _______ Acts of Parliament passed allowing canals to be built. By 1800, nearly _______ of canals had doubled the length of navigable rivers.

Growth in population was important for industrialisation for 2 reasons. It meant _______, and _______. The population _______ from 1750 to 1800

In _______ and _______ Henry Cort took out two patents on iron puddling which led to the production of better-quality, cheaper iron in Britain.

_______ developed Newcomen’s steam engine into a multipurpose source of power.

By _______ Watt’s steam engines were successful in pumping out water more cheaply and efficiently than Newcomen’s

Richard Trevithic developed the first railway steam locomotive in _______

_______ invented the Cotton Gin in the United States

_______ invented the spinning mule. By 1820 more than _______ mules were operating in British factories

Between 1779 and 1830, the price of a yard of finished cotton dropped by _______

The first modern factory was built by _______ in _______ in Derbyshire which was capable of operating 24 hours a day and initially employed over _______ people.

Between 1770 and 1835, about _______ cotton factories and _______ woolen factories were built in Britain.

By the end of 1830 there were over _______ of navigable rivers and canals in Britain

In _______ railway line opens between Stockton and Darlington

In _______ George and Robert _______’s rocket won a competition for the best steam engine for locomotives

In _______ Railway line opens between Manchester and Liverpool, more than 400,000 passengers were carried on the railway within the first year.

By 1844 there were _______ of railway in Britain, and 6000km by 1852

In _______ an act of parliament required every railway company to run at least one service per day on every line, each way, for a maximum of one pence per mile

Canals were essential between the period of _______ and _______

Railways were essential after _______ roughly

Steamships were being experimented with between _______ and _______

Steamships were _______ and _______ than sail ships

Developments in transport allowed for _______

_______ was not grown in Britain and had to be imported from British colonies

About _______ of exports from Britain went to its colonies or former colonies in North America and the West Indies, about _______ to Europe, about _______ to Asia and _______ to South America, Australia and New Zealand.

By 1850, exports generated over _______ of Britain’s national income.

In 1760 Britain had about _______ tons of merchant shipping. This was _______ tons by 1792.

By 1800 the United States was taking _______ of all British exports

In 1750, only _______ of the population lived in towns.

In _______, just seven towns had populations over _______ and five of them were ports.

By 1800, due to growth in industry, _______ of the population lived in towns and by the end of the period it was over _______.

Urban growth overall was about _______ each decade between _______ and _______

Glasgow’s population increased by _______ between 1810 and 1820

Manchester’s population increased by _______ between 1820 and 1830

Bradford, a town at the center of the textile industry, had a population of approximately _______ in 1780, which rose to _______ in 1850.

Britain’s overall population more than _______ between 1750 and 1850

Britain had a population of _______ in 1801 and a population of _______ in 1851

Developments in agriculture led to _______, which led to a _______, and factories led to _______.

The high demand for housing in urban areas led to _______. Building entrepreneurs would overlook factors such as _______.

In winter, diseases like _______ and infections like _______ were common. In summer, _______, linked to contaminated water supply, became a major killer. In the 1830s, around _______ of all the children in towns would die before their fifth birthday.

In 1835 the government passed the _______ which meant that: A new system of government was set up in local towns. Local property owners could elect local officials to manage a town. Local taxes could be raised and that money used to improve the towns, if so desired; local police forces could also be established.

Average working day ranged from _______ to _______ hours _______ days a week.

Over _______ of the workforce in the textile mills were women and children.

Women usually earned between _______ and _______ a week, and children even less. Both of these wages were less than that of a man.

In many factories, children made up _______% of the workforce.

_______, a socialist writer and thinker, developed a huge factory complex in New Lanark in Scotland, employing nearly _______ workers. He took care of his workers and introduced an _______ hour working day and provided education for his child workers.

Britain’s form of government was a _______.

In _______, there was a radical demand for change in who was allowed to vote, which would lead to a weakening of the aristocracy’s influence over parliament.

Entrepreneurs and innovators, factory owners and architects, station managers and slum builders and landlords emerged in large numbers during the 19th century. They were known as the ______.

The wealth of the middle class grew, but the working class enjoyed no real benefits from the industrial revolution. Those who have been involved in making textiles by hand at home experienced _______.

Parliament passed acts in _______ and _______ to restrict the hours that children could work and preventing those under the age of _______ from being employed

In _______ the Factory Act was passed by parliament, its most important terms were: No children under the age of 9 could be employed. Restrictions were placed on the number of hours people under the age of _______ could work. Children over 9 and under _______ had to receive ________ hours of education per day.

The Factory Act was disappointing as it only applied to some textile factories and not, for example, _______.

The Mines Act was published in _______ which stopped all women and children under _______ from working underground work.

The 1844 and 1847 Factory Acts: reduced the maximum working hours for 8-13 year olds to _______ a day. Increased the amount of education required each day to _______ hours, stopped women from working night shifts, and laid down a maximum _______ hour day for women. This was later reduced to _______ hours a day with a maximum of _______ hours a week.

Scattered food riots between _______ and _______, especially when the price of bread was high.

Britain was at war for much of the period between _______ and _______, meaning there was a high demand for men in the army and navy.

Captain Swing riots of _______

Swing riots highlighted: (6)_______

Luddite riots were riots in which _______. Those that destroyed machinery were called _______.

The Luddite movement occurred between _______ and _______

By the end of _______, machine breaking had died out. Trade had improved and the price of bread had dropped by half from its all-time high of _______.

War with France came to an end in _______ and had immediate economic impact. _______ soldiers and sailors were no longer needed in the military and came onto the job market. The _______ the government had been annually spending on the war suddenly became available for other uses.

There were exceptionally bad harvests in _______ which led to distress in _______. Government passed the Corn Laws of _______ which prevented the import of cheap corn and was designed to help landowners maintain their profits.

Peterloo Massacre: In _______, over _______ people gathered at St. Peters Fields to listen to political speaker Henry Hurt who advocated for the reform of parliament. An armed cavalry charged the crowd and killed _______ people.

Old Poor Law was modified in the 1790s and became known as the ‘________’. It was disliked because: It continued to be paid for by local landowners and led to their contributions increasing. It depended on the size of the recipient's family; the larger the family the more help it received. It varied with the price of bread, so if bread prices rose, the recipients were paid more.

No working class men were given the right to vote in the _______

The new poor law was published in _______ and hugely benefited men of property.

In _______ a small group of skilled working-class men led by Francis Place and William Lovett, met in London and drew up the ‘_______’.

People’s Charter had 6 simple points that it requested: _______

Main periods of chartist activity were: _______, _______, and _______. Each time petitions were sent to parliament with millions of signatures, and parliament met none of the demands. There were huge rallies across the country, often with _______ attending to listen to the speakers.

Newport Rising: In South Wales _______ a group of miners and iron workers marched on the town of Newport. Local authorities brought in soldiers and shot ______ of the demonstrators.

Final demonstration of the chartist movement came in _______. Huge demonstration was planned in London to convince parliament to adopt the charter, however the meeting was banned and far fewer protesters turned up than anticipated anyways. The presence of _______ specially recruited policemen would have frightened many people and stopped them from attending.

The Chartist movement failed because: _______

The Chartist movement was divided on: _______ (8)

_______ were illegal throughout the 18th century

Main goal of trade unions were: _______ (2)

Illegality of trade unions were reinforced in 1799 and 1800 by _______

In _______, the Combination Laws were repealed following the crisis caused by Peterloo (making trade unions legal) and hundreds of strikes broke out. In 1825 the law was changed so that _______

Bill Gates: _______ (poverty in 1800)

Vitalik Buterin: _______ (replacement of humans with machines)

Irving Babbitt: _______ (problems with ethics during industrial revolution)

N. R. Narayana Murthy: _______ (Industrial revolution made England a world power.)