Hematopoiesis and Erythropoiesis

What is the other term for Hematopoiesis?

Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation from what specific stem cells?

What do the acronyms CD stand for in the context of stem cells?

According to the lecture guide, hematopoiesis is considered to start around the ________ day of embryonic development after fertilization.

Identify the theory that suggests each blood cell lineage is derived from its own unique stem cell.

Identify the theory that suggests all blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell.

What is the name of the single progenitor stem cell in the Monophyletic Theory?

Which theory regarding the origin of hematopoietic progenitor cells is most widely accepted among experimental hematologists?

What are the three phases of Hematopoiesis?

Identify the chief site of hematopoiesis during the Mesoblastic phase.

During the Hepatic phase, what are the three chief sites of hematopoiesis?

What is the chief site of hematopoiesis during the Medullary phase?

Which phase occurs intravascularly within developing blood vessels?

What is the predominant hemoglobin formed during the Hepatic phase?

Identify the three types of embryonic hemoglobin necessary for oxygen delivery to embryonic tissues.

What is the first fully developed organ in the fetus?

True or False: The size of the thymus decreases during fetal development.

Which organs produce B cells during the Hepatic phase?

Hematopoiesis starts in the bone marrow cavity before the ________ month of fetal development.

The bone marrow becomes the chief site of hematopoiesis by the end of ________ weeks' gestation.

In adults, hematopoietic tissues are located in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and ________.

What type of blood cells are produced in the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus of an adult?

The bone marrow is considered a primary lymphoid organ equivalent to what structure in birds?

In adults, the liver is only involved in hematopoiesis during ________ states.

How many RBCs is the bone marrow capable of generating daily per kilogram of body weight?

How many Granulocytes is the bone marrow capable of generating daily per kilogram of body weight?

How many Platelets is the bone marrow capable of generating daily per kilogram of body weight?

Identify the process of replacing red marrow with yellow marrow during development.

At what age range do adipocytes start to occupy spaces in long bones previously dominated by active marrow?

Active marrow is also known as ________ marrow.

Inactive marrow composed primarily of fat cells (adipocytes) is known as ________ marrow.

Name the 8 specific sites where red marrow is restricted in a healthy adult.

What is the mnemonic provided to remember the sites of red marrow in adults?

In the red marrow areas of adults, what is the approximate percentage of red marrow versus yellow marrow?

True or False: Yellow marrow has the ability to revert back to active marrow in cases of excessive blood loss or hemolysis.

What are the two primary lymphoid organs where T and B lymphocytes are derived?

Where do lymphoid cells fated to become B cells undergo their early stages of differentiation?

Identify the two major secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs.

What is the largest of the secondary lymphoid organs?

What are the two major functions of the secondary lymphoid organs?

Identify the specific cells in the spleen where antibodies are synthesized.

In children, a splenectomy often leads to increased incidence of bacterial sepsis caused by which three organisms?

True or False: Splenectomy in adults has more adverse effects than in children.

Define splenomegaly.

Identify the term for a malignant solid tumor neoplasm of the lymphoid tissue.

Identify the four minor secondary lymphoid organs.

What does the acronym MALT stand for?

What is the term for blood cell formation occurring outside the bone marrow, such as in the liver or spleen?

Identify the preferred site for bone marrow aspiration in adults.

Identify the site for bone marrow aspiration in children under 2 years old.

List four indications for bone marrow examination.

True or False: Bone marrow examination can be used to monitor treatment after chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation.

For a marrow differential, what is the recommended minimum number of cells to be counted?

Which bone marrow procedure disturbs the bone architecture and is used for individual cell morphology?

How long should bone marrow smears be retained?

Which bone marrow procedure removes a cylinder of marrow intact and is used to study bone marrow architecture?

What does the M:E ratio represent?

Which cell types are excluded from the myeloid count when calculating the M:E ratio?

What is the normal M:E ratio range in a healthy adult?

What is the typical M:E ratio seen in Leukemia?

True or False: Extramedullary hematopoiesis occurs when the bone marrow is incapable of meeting demands, such as in hemolytic anemias.

Define Erythron.

What term describes the dynamics of RBC creation and destruction?

What organ is referred to as the "graveyard of RBCs"?

What is the average life span of an RBC?

Identify the term for the production of defective erythroid precursor cells that often undergo apoptosis in the bone marrow.

List three conditions associated with ineffective erythropoiesis.

Identify the term for a decrease in the number of RBC precursors in the bone marrow.

List two conditions associated with insufficient erythropoiesis.

Identify the earliest marker of erythroid differentiation which acts as a transferrin receptor.

What is the major hormone that stimulates the production of erythrocytes?

What is the primary cell source of Erythropoietin?

What are the primary target cells of EPO?

What are the three major effects of EPO on RBC production?

True or False: Estrogen stimulates erythropoiesis.

Which hormones produced by the pituitary gland stimulate erythropoiesis?

What is the earliest committed erythroid progenitor cell?

How long does it take to mature from BFU-E to CFU-E?

How long does it take for a BFU-E to mature into a mature erythrocyte?

List the stages of RBC maturation in the Normoblastic nomenclature system in order.

List the stages of RBC maturation in the Rubriblastic nomenclature system in order.

Identify two supravital stains used to demonstrate reticulocytes.

What is a reticulocyte called when found in a Wright-stained smear?

As erythroid precursors mature, does the N:C ratio increase or decrease?

Identify the earliest recognizable erythroid precursor using a light microscope.

Which maturation stage is the first stage of hemoglobin synthesis?

Which maturation stage is the last stage capable of mitosis?

What is the characteristic chromatin pattern of a Rubricyte?

Identify the maturation stage where the nucleus is pyknotic and eventually extruded.

What are two other names for a Metarubricyte?